Translocation analysis and safety assessment in two water spinach cultivars with distinctive shoot Cd and Pb concentrations

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the translocation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) and assess the safety of edible parts in two cultivars of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.) contrasting in shoot Cd and Pb concentrations. A low-Cd-Pb cultivar (QLQ) and a high-Cd-Pb cultivar (T308) were grown in five soils with different concentrations of Cd and Pb. The results showed that QLQ had lower Cd and Pb concentrations in stems and leaves and higher root Cd concentration than T308 did. Root Pb concentration of T308 dramatically increased with increasing soil Pb concentration and was higher than that of QLQ in the highest Pb treatment. The root-to-stem Cd translocation ability in T308 was 2.3–3.0-fold higher than that in QLQ. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in root-to-stem Pb translocation between QLQ and T308. The bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for Cd and Pb in the two cultivars remained stable in different Cd or Pb treatments, which were attributable to the homeostatic control mechanisms of Cd and Pb in water spinach.     

Removing perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid from solid matrices, paper, fabrics, and sand by mineral acid suppression and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

The removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from solid matrices has received considerable attention because of the environmental persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity of these compounds. This study presents a simple method using concentrated HNO₃ as a suppression agent, and methanol-modified supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO₂) extraction for removing PFOS and PFOA from solid matrices. The optimal conditions were 16 M HNO₃ and 20% (v/v) methanol containing Sc-CO₂, under a pressure of 20.3 MPa and a temperature of 50 °C. Extraction time was set at 70 min (40 min for static and 30 min for dynamic extraction). PFOA and PFOS were identified and quantitated by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The extraction efficiencies (with double extractions) were close to 100% for PFOA and 80% for PFOS for both paper and fabric matrices. The extraction efficiencies for sand were approximately 77% for PFOA and 59% for PFOS. The results show that this method is accurate, and effective, and that it provides a promising and convenient approach to remediate the environment of hazardous PFOA and PFOS contamination.     

三角帆蚌对北京富营养化河湖水体的滤水效率和放养方式研究

2009年9月,在北京市水利科学研究所实验基地采用室内实验方式,研究了三角帆蚌在北京富营养化水体中的滤水效率,对比水体上层和底层2种放养方式对水体净化效果差异。结果表明:三角帆蚌平均滤水率为(31.63±6.67)mL/(min.kg);上层放养方式对水体透明度改善效果显著,叶绿素a在48 h即显著降低,且维持在较低水平。三角帆蚌有利于富营养化水体净化,实际应用中应采用水体上层放养方式。     

活性炭/铁氧化物复合材料催化降解水中的苯酚

为了获得优良催化性能和分离性的复合材料,通过采用化学共沉淀法,把活性炭和铁氧化物进行复合,制备得到活性炭/铁氧化物复合材料。利用非均相Fenton反应处理模拟苯酚废水,考察了不同因素对苯酚去除率的影响。结果表明,在100 mL 100 mg/L的苯酚模拟废水中,复合材料m=0.1 g,温度为35℃,H2O2投加量为3 mL,pH=3,苯酚的去除率达到99%以上。制备得到的活性炭/铁氧化物复合材料具有磁性,能通过简单的磁分离技术就能快速从溶液中分离出来。通过对复合吸附材料降解稳定性的研究,发现经过5次循环使用后,苯酚去除率均在93%以上,表明其具有良好的循环使用性能。     

污泥-秸秆基活性炭的制备及其对渗滤液COD的吸附

以市政污泥与玉米秸秆为原料,采用化学活化法热解制备污泥-秸秆基活性炭,研究其物化性质、热解动力学特性及对渗滤液中COD的吸附性能。考察吸附剂投加量、吸附时间和溶液p H对COD去除率的影响,并用吸附等温线对吸附数据进行了拟合。结果表明,秸秆比例越高,活性炭的吸附碘值和BET比表面积越大,最大可达663 mg/g和902 m2/g;活性炭表面呈不规则的多孔状;秸秆比例为45%的活性炭在最佳实验条件下对COD的吸附去除率为82%;活性炭对COD的吸附符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温模型。     

花生和油菜对重金属的积累及其成品油的安全性

土壤重金属污染日益严重,植物修复作为一种环境友好型的技术越来越受到关注.选取种植在郴州重金属污染土壤地区的花生和油菜2种油料作物,研究了重金属在这2种油料作物各部位的分布情况,再利用2种有机溶剂(正己烷和石油醚)对果实进行索氏萃取,探讨油中重金属的残留情况.结果表明,花生和油菜对重金属有一定的耐性和积累能力,花生根、茎、叶对重金属Pb、Cu、Cd积累性较强,其中Cd在根、茎、叶中的富集系数都高于4,为土壤本底值的5～6倍.花生红皮则对Cu表现出较强的富集能力,富集系数为3.30,浓度达到了358.26 mg/kg;油菜中重金属Zn、Cu、Cd在各部位的分布为:叶＞根＞果荚＞茎＞籽,说明油菜叶对Zn、Cu、Cd的积累能力更强.通过2种有机溶剂对花生果实和油菜籽进行萃取,结果发现,石油醚对花生油的萃取率高于正己烷,正己烷对油菜的萃取率大于石油醚,且花生和菜籽的毛油中重金属As和Pb的含量都符合国家《食用油卫生标准》GB2716-2005(≤0.1 mg/kg).     

Species-specific effects of P-solubilizing and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>-fixing bacteria on seedling growth of three salt-tolerant trees

Coastal afforestation suffers from low survival and slow growth due to harsh conditions and lack of robust seedlings. Inoculation of P-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) or N₂-fixing bacteria (NFB) are effective in promoting plant growth and thus potentially helpful for coastal afforestation. However, it remains unclear about the generality and specificity of these plant-growth-promoting-bacteria (PGPB) on the growth of salttolerant trees. We inoculated seedlings of two mangrove trees and one terrestrial salt-tolerant tree with pure cultures of PSB or mixed cultures of PSB and NFB. Plant biomass, height, base diameter and N and P concentrations were determined six months after bacterial inoculation. We found that inoculation of PGPB had an overall promoting effect on the seedling growth of three tree species, but the effects differed greatly (3–280% increase) among plant species and bacterial isolates or bacterial combinations. Only in the terrestrial tree, co-inoculations of PSB and NFB showed greater promoting effects than monocultures of PSB. Root: shoot ratios of seedlings were not changed by bacterial inoculation. Inoculation treatments moderately elevated N concentrations in shoots and roots and P concentrations only in roots of seedlings. Our results suggest that PGPB might have a general promoting effect on the seedling growth of salt-tolerant trees. Nevertheless, the magnitude of promoting effects and the comparative advantage of dual inoculation over single inoculation are species-specific. The generality and specificity of the plant-PGPB relationship are similar to the plantmycorrhizal symbiosis. In addition, tissue nutrient improvement might not be the main mechanism of the promoting effects by PGPB.     

氨基修饰介孔分子筛SBA-15对水中Pb~(2+)吸附性能

以二乙烯三胺基丙基三甲氧基硅烷为偶联剂,利用后修饰方法,制备出氨基修饰SBA-15。利用傅立叶红外光谱仪,N2-吸附脱附对样品结构进行表征,并讨论了吸附动力学特性及吸附等温特性。结果表明,修饰后的SBA-15吸附水中Pb2+时在120 min内可以达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合拟二阶动力学方程。Langmuir模型及Dubinin-Radushkevich(DR)模型很好地描述了Pb2+在修饰后SBA-15上的吸附行为,其中基于Langmuir模型计算得出的25℃时最大吸附量为84.25 mg/g。D-R模型计算得出的平均吸附自由能在25℃、35℃和45℃时分别为-13.9、-14.4和-16.0 kJ/mol,表明吸附可能属于表面络合作用,可以归为化学过程。     

含表面活性剂的采油废水催化氧化处理

对含有表面活性剂的废水(以下简称表活废水)进行了傅里叶红外光谱分析(FTIR),结果表明,废水中所含表面活性剂主要为环烷酸钠。采用次氯酸钙(Ca(ClO)2)和活性炭-Ni催化氧化处理,在Ca(ClO)2投加量为4 500 mg/L,活性炭-Ni投加量为7 000 mg/L时,反应90 min,出水COD为158.91 mg/L,去除率达62.92%。催化氧化出水经沸石吸附处理,在pH为6.85,吸附时间为2 h,沸石投加量为17 g/L的条件下,吸附出水COD和油含量分别为88.92 mg/L和2.53mg/L,去除率分别为45.65%和90.02%,均达到《污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)》的一级标准要求。催化剂活性炭-Ni和吸附剂沸石均具有较稳定的活性,在重复使用20次后,出水COD的去除率仅分别降低了1.16%和1.32%。     

Microwave enhanced advanced oxidation treatment of dairy manure

Abstract

The microwave enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW-AOP) was used to treat dairy manure in a continuous-flow 915?MHz microwave wastewater treatment system. The treatment efficiency increased with an increase in temperature, as well as hydrogen peroxide dosage. The settling property was also improved in all treated sets, regardless of temperature applied. The system operated at temperatures >100?°C had a much higher soluble chemical oxygen demand than at temperatures <100?°C. The highest soluble carbonaceous compounds, orthophosphate and ammonia were obtained at 110?°C and 0.6%H₂O₂ per % of total solids content. The process should be operated at higher temperatures and higher hydrogen peroxide dosages for maximizing solids disintegration, nutrient release and energy efficiency. An energy fingerprint correlating the cumulative energy consumption and temperature rise was developed. The results demonstrated that the custom designed MW-AOP system is suitable for the effective treatment of dairy manure. The system can readily be scaled up and integrated into a dairy farm manure treatment and resource recovery system.