酸碱盐改性对活性炭吸附油气特征的影响

采用酸碱盐溶液浸渍方法对活性炭进行改性,探究了其吸附油气的特征,考察了改性后的活性炭对油气吸附量和穿透时间的影响,采用BET、SEM、XRD及FT-IR等方法对活性炭进行了表征。结果表明:改性后的活性炭孔结构和表面化学性质发生了明显的变化,2~#样品(醋酸改性)比表面积最大为1 264.33 m~2·g~(-1),碱改性活性炭对油气的吸附性能优于其他改性方法,3~#样品(氨水改性)吸附容量最高为0.279 g·g~(-1),拟合动力学速率常数k′值是0.096 3,5#样品(氢氧化钾改性)穿透时间最长为130 min;改性处理后,增加了活性炭表面的—OH与C=C含量,正丁烷主要以—CH_2基团吸附在吸附剂表面。在综合酸碱盐溶液改性的基础上,利用Yoon-Nelson动力学方程对吸附曲线进行拟合,评价改性活性炭对油气的吸附性能。以上研究结果可为活性炭吸附油气的工业应用提供参考。     

中国绿色信贷成本收益核算研究

为充分识别、量化和评估绿色信贷的成本与收益,本文从银行和社会两个角度,梳理绿色信贷的直接（间接）成本和直接（间接）收益的类型和内涵,提出全面核算绿色信贷成本与收益的一般框架,以我国21家主要商业银行2013—2017年绿色信贷实施情况为例探讨了该框架的可行性。依据该核算框架对银行的直接成本和收益、社会的直接收益进行了定量核算,对银行的间接成本和收益、社会的直接和间接成本、社会间接收益进行了定性分析。结果表明：多数商业银行施行绿色信贷能带来利润;近半数银行的绿色信贷项目收益率在全行信贷项目平均收益率之上;核算期内绿色信贷节能减排的环境效益累计达1.03万亿元,平均每万元绿色信贷投放带来253元环境效益。本文为实现绿色信贷影响的综合分析、绿色信贷环境外部性内生化提供了科学的分析方法,对政府和商业银行实施绿色信贷政策具有重要意义。     

微电解-膜生物反应器组合工艺处理焦化废水

采用微电解预处理工艺,去除了一部分焦化废水的污染物并提高了废水的可生化性,为后续的水解(酸化)、膜生物反应器单元处理工艺提供了可行的基础。试验结果表明,微电解预处理焦化废水污染物的去除率均在70%左右,废水的可生化性由约0.261提高到0.543。     

旋风除尘器环形空间气流运动的数值研究

运用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,对旋风除尘器内部流场进行了数值模拟,利用模拟结果对旋风除尘器入口不同位置气流在除尘器顶部的环形空间的轨迹进行了分析研究,探明了气流在环形空间的运动规律和基本特征,阐明了旋风除尘器顶部"尘环"形成的根本原因,指出了粉尘发生短路的原因和多发区域并在此基础上就除尘器的增效问题给出了改进方案.     

道路交通噪声影响人体心电指标的规律研究

借助多功能动态生理检测仪、现场道路交通噪声信号采集系统及室内道路交通噪声信号回放系统等精密仪器设备,研究了道路交通噪声对人体心电的短时影响,并运用统计学、时间序列理论对噪声影响心电指标的规律进行了分析,提出了一种解释道路交通噪声影响人体心电指标规律及确定噪声安全阈值的理论方法。结果表明,不同噪声声压级对心电低频(LF)、高频(HF)之比(LF/HF)时间序列的自相关系数衰减速率影响不同,声压级越高,LF/HF时间序列的自相关系数衰减到0.500时的速率越慢,经历的延迟期越长;当道路交通噪声超过43dB时,有可能对人体心电状态造成潜在的影响。     

硫酸改性火山石对水中左氧氟沙星的吸附研究

利用硫酸改性火山石对水中左氧氟沙星进行吸附,通过XRD、SEM和FT-IR等手段对吸附剂进行表征,考察了吸附剂投加量、初始pH、共存盐类和吸附时间等因素对吸附效果的影响,并对吸附动力学和吸附等温线进行拟合。结果表明：天然火山石经硫酸改性后孔隙结构更加丰富,抗pH和共存盐类干扰能力较强;当吸附剂投加量为25 g/L、pH为3.0、温度20℃、左氧氟沙星初始浓度为50 mg/L、吸附平衡时间为120 min时,改性火山石对左氧氟沙星吸附去除率可达99.46%;天然和改性火山石的吸附过程符合伪一级和伪二级动力学;在20℃时,Langmuir等温方程式能更好地描述天然火山石对左氧氟沙星的吸附行为,而改性火山石对左氧氟沙星的吸附更符合Freundlich等温吸附模型;吸附过程同时包括物理吸附和化学吸附。     

长白山红松阔叶林不同恢复阶段蛾类组成和多样性研究

研究了长白山地区不同恢复阶段的红松阔叶林内蛾类的物种组成和多样性,分析了蛾类科属组成与林分不同恢复阶段间的关系.结果表明,2006～2007年调查蛾类23科,410种,共计6520头.红松阔叶林Ⅱ(MF)内物种多度以及Fisher'a和eH最高,4个林分内蛾类种-多度关系均趋于对数级数分布,符合生态位优先占领假说.单因素ANOVA分析表明,苔蛾科(Lithosiidae)、夜蛾科(Noctuidae)、螟蛾科(Pyralidae)、灯蛾科(Arctiidae)和卷蛾科(Tortricidae)蛾类物种数与林分干扰恢复程度显著相关,尺蛾科(Geometridae)、刺蛾科(Limacodidae)、天蛾科(Sphingidae)、舟蛾科(Notodontidae)蛾类头数与林分恢复阶段相关不显著.     

Effects of phosphorous on the stabilization of solid waste in anaerobic landfill

Anaerobic bioreactor attracted more attention in recent years because of its environmental and financial benefits. Nutrients and moisture could exert profound influences on the degradation of the pollutants and stabilization of solid waste in anaerobic landfill. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of the activated sludge and phosphorous addition on the stabilization of solid waste. The experimental results indicated that phosphorous is the limiting nutrients in the landfill leachate; phosphorous and activated sludge simultaneously could stimulate the growth of the bacteria, enhance the attenuation of pollutants in landfill leachate and accelerate the stabilization of solid waste; the final removal efficiency of COD and NH₄⁺-N in R-C (phosphorous and activated sludge added simultaneously) was up to 95.13% and 73.4%, respectively. Therefore, phosphorous addition is an effective way to enhance the stabilization of solid waste in anaerobic landfill.     

昆明市清水海水源保护区生态补偿机制探讨

就昆明市清水海水源区生态补偿机制进行探讨,以期为生态补偿机制的建立提供借鉴。生态补偿理论结合清水海水源区实际分析。补偿主体是国家、受水区的企业和居民,客体是水资源和生态环境的保护者,以及牺牲发展机会的企业和居民;补偿标准以费用分析法计算,包括水资源保护、水源林建设和管理等方面的投入;补偿方式近期以输血型和造血型补偿结合,远期逐步向生态造血型补偿转变;优先补偿效率高的污染防治措施、退耕还林和测土配方,其次为产业结构调整和水资源管理;补偿时限结合补偿取得的成效、水源区生态产业发展和生态质量状况来确定;补偿资金以政府财政为主、市场为辅。结果表明:应结合清水海的实际,确定生态补偿的主客体、方式、标准和时限,建立生态补偿的保障机制,加强对补偿资金的监管。进一步开展定量化研究,完善清水海水源区生态补偿基础研究,促进生态补偿机制的建立。     

Air pollution and inhalation exposure to particulate matter of different sizes in rural households using improved stoves in central China

Household air pollution is considered to be among the top environmental risks in China.To examine the performance of improved stoves for reduction of indoor particulate matter(PM) emission and exposure in rural households, individual inhalation exposure to size-resolved PM was investigated using personal portable samplers carried by residents using wood gasifier stoves or improved coal stoves in a rural county in Central China.Concentrations of PM with different sizes in stationary indoor and outdoor air were also monitored at paired sites. The stationary concentrations of size-resolved PM in indoor air were greater than those in outdoor air, especially finer particles PM0.25. The daily averaged exposure concentrations of PM0.25, PM1.0, PM2.5 and total suspended particle for all the surveyed residents were 74.4 ± 41.1, 159.3 ± 74.3, 176.7 ± 78.1 and 217.9 ± 78.1 μg/m3,respectively. Even using the improved stoves, the individual exposure to indoor PM far exceeded the air quality guideline by WHO at 25 μg/m3. Submicron particles PM1.0 were the dominant PM fraction for personal exposure and indoor and outdoor air. Personal exposure exhibited a closer correlation with indoor PM concentrations than that for outdoor concentrations. Both inhalation exposure and indoor air PM concentrations in the rural households with gasifier firewood stoves were evidently lower than the reported results using traditional firewood stoves. However, local governments in the studied rural areas should exercise caution when widely and hastily promoting gasifier firewood stoves in place of improved coal stoves, due to the higher PM levels in indoor and outdoor air and personal inhaled exposure.