100年来东湖富营养化发生的沉积学记录

在210Pb计年的基础上,运用水生生物遗存、色素、有机碳同位素和磁化率分析了东湖钻孔沉积物中的生物与环境信息,重建了东湖100多年来湖泊营养与环境演化历史.研究发现东湖100多年来在人类活动不断增强的背景下,指示重金属污染的磁化率和指示湖泊富营养化的色素指标如蓝藻叶黄素(Myx)、颤藻黄素(Osc)快速上升,相应的水生生物如介形虫、腹足类、水生高等植物等表现明显的组合和变化阶段,同时有机碳同位素偏正与湖泊生产力升高和藻类繁盛有关.沉积记录表明东湖生态系统近代发生了深刻变化,湖泊营养演化自早至晚呈现四阶段性:贫营养阶段(1900-1966AD)色素水平低、拥有较丰富的水生高等植物和腹足类;中营养阶段(1966-1983AD)色素含量增高、水生高等植物和腹足类减少;富营养化阶段(1983-1989AD)色素含量快速增高、水生高等植物消失;超富营养化阶段(1989AD－至今)色素含量稳定居高、某些耐污染的介形类较繁盛.结果对于认识湖泊生态环境演化与人类活动的关系、以及如何治理湖泊环境具有现实的意义.     

新型异养氨氧化菌的分离鉴定及氨氧化特性

从青岛海岸采集淤泥．通过富集培养,以硅胶平板点种分离．经纯化得到一株氨氧化菌H9菌株。该菌可以在营养培养基中生长,是一株异养氨氧化菌,经形态、生理生化特性、16SrRNA序列分析等初步鉴定该菌属于假诺卡氏菌属（Pseudonocardia sp．H9）。该菌株具有将氨氧化为硝酸的能力,明显不同于自养型的硝化作用过程需要亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌的密切协作才能把氨氧化成硝酸的特点。此外,该菌可以在无有机碳的培养基或在有机碳C／N达7或更高的培养基中氧化氨至硝酸;在亚硝化培养基与LB的混合培养基中,在LB占15％以下时,LB越高越有利于氨的氧化和菌的生长。该菌株的生长和氧化氨的最适温度为30℃;pH5．0～10．0,最适为8．0;氨离子摩尔浓度1～40mmol／L,最适为8mmol／L;氯化钠质量分数为0％～8％,最适为3．5％。由于该菌株具有以上的特性和优点．在污水的脱氮处理以及养殖海水的氨氮处理中有较高的应用前景,同时也是研究氨的生物氧化机制的理想菌株。     

有机离子载入-复焙烧失法制备新型净水材料

探索了一种制备介孔复合净水材料的新方法——载入有机离子一复焙烧失法。通过实验得到的最佳工艺参数为：有机载入剂为CTMAB,有机载入剂(质量浓度5g/L)加入量4mL／g,有机离子交换反应时间2h,反应温度40℃,复焙烧失温度230℃,复焙烧失时间1．5h。在最佳工艺条件下制备的净水材料对色度为7400倍、COD为3040mg／L的染料废水的脱色率为98．9％,略优于杏壳活性炭的脱色率(98．2％);COD去除率为91．3％,与杏壳活性炭的COD去除率91．7％相差无几。净水材料的染料吸附量是添加剂升温烧蚀后产品的近85倍,是酸洗刻蚀后产品的近590倍,是原材料的900多倍,其对染料废水的净化能力整体优于杏壳活性炭。     

Green and efficient degradation of cefoperazone sodium by Bi4O5Br2 leading to the production of non-toxic products: Performance and degradation pathway

Photocatalytic process represents a promising approach to overcome the pollution challenge associated with the antibiotics-containing wastewater. This study provides a green, efficient and novel approach to remove cephalosporins, particularly cefoperazone sodium (CFP). Bi₄O₅Br₂ was chosen for the first time to systematically study its degradation for CFP, including the analysis of material structure, degradation performance, the structure and toxicity of the transformation products, etc. The degradation rate results indicated that Bi₄O₅Br₂ had an excellent catalytic activity leading to 78% CFP removal compared with the pure BiOBr (38%) within 120 min of visible light irradiation. In addition, the Bi₄O₅Br₂ presents high stability and good organic carbon removal efficiency. The effects of the solution pH (3.12 - 8.75) on catalytic activity revealed that CFP was mainly photocatalyzed under acidic conditions and hydrolyzed under alkaline conditions. Combined with active species and degradation product identification, the photocatalytic degradation pathways of CFP by Bi₄O₅Br₂ was proposed, including hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction and decarboxylation. Most importantly, the identified products were all hydrolysis rather than oxidation byproducts transformed from the intermediate of β-lactam bond cleavage in CFP molecule, quite different from the mostly previous studies. Furthermore, the final products were demonstrated to be less toxic through the toxicity analysis. Overall, this study illustrates the detailed mechanism of CFP degradation by Bi₄O₅Br₂ and confirms Bi₄O₅Br₂ to be a promising material for the photodegradation of CFP.     

活性污泥系统动力学模拟方法的综合分析

活性污泥法的应用现状和污水中氮磷排放标准的日益严格，使得传统数学模型已满足不了目前的要求，需要对活性污泥系统复杂的动力学规律进行有效模拟。文章在综合分析活性污泥动态模型国内外研究现状的基础上，介绍了3种占主流地位的模型：活性污泥数学模型、神经网络模型和混合模型。这3种模型在污水处理的设计、运行控制和工艺优化等方面各有其独到之处。     

Production of a newly isolated Paenibacillus polymyxa biocontrol agent using monosodium glutamate wastewater and potato wastewater

A phyllosphere bacterial strain EBL-06 was isolated from wheat leaves. The morphology, cultural characteristics, phospholipid fatty acids, physiological and antagonistic fungus activities of this strain were investigated. A phylogenetic tree was constructed by comparing with the published 16S rDNA sequences of the relevant bacteria. The results showed that the isolate EBL-06 was a strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa; this strain performed a high level of antagonistic fungus activity toward a broad spectrum of phytopathogens, such as Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Fusarium spp. The isolate EBL-06 can grow well using monosodium glutamate wastewater (MGW) and potato wastewater (PW) as culture medium. The maximum yield of 6.5 × 10 9 CFU/mL of the isolate EBL-06 anti-fungus biocontrol agent was reached in 15 hr cultivation at 28°C, pH 6.0–7.5 using the mixture of MGW and PW (1:9).     

活性污泥数学模型中异养菌产率系数的测定研究

利用活性污泥数学模型预测污水生物处理系统,首先必须确定其参数和水质组分。采用间歇活性污泥法和呼吸计量法对活性污泥数学模型中异养菌产率系数γ_H进行测定研究。结果表明,间歇活性污泥法测定结果重现性较差,试验控制条件比较严格;呼吸计量法测定结果准确性较高,重现性良好,因而,呼吸计量法是比较可行的γ_H测定方法。     

林可霉素生产废水的厌氧生物处理工艺

采用单相中温升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器厌氧生物工艺处理含有有毒难降解有机物的林可霉素生产废水.当进水COD 8000～14000 mg/L,HRT约10h时,COD容积负荷可达20～35kg/(m³·d),COD去除率为50%～55%.适时调整并维持较高的表面水力负荷[0.2～0.4 m³/(m²·h)]、较高的进水有机基质浓度(COD为2000～3000mg/L)和污泥COD负荷[0.2～0.5 kg/(kg·d)],并适当延长启动驯化时间可培养出沉降性好、污泥活性较高的颗粒污泥.废水厌氧生物降解动力学符合Monod方程,动力学常数V_max=1.3 d^-1,K_s=8133mg/L.废水中不可生物降解物质占总COD的比例约为30%,这是废水COD去除率偏低的重要因素.     

麦草畏除草剂厌氧降解可生化性测定

苯环由¹⁴C标记合成的麦草畏除草剂,厌氧降解反应至第7天,转化率达64%,有¹⁴C标记的CO₂产生;第16天,转化率达91%,出现一种主要的中间代谢产物,有CH₄产生;第27天,转化率达95%,仍然只有一种主要的中间代谢产物.麦草畏苯环的断裂量仅占总量的2.96%,转化成CO₂的为0.74%,转化成CH₄的为0.11%.在降解27d中,主要中间代谢产物是3,6-二氯水杨酸,占麦草畏总量的92.04%.3,6-二氯水杨酸的苯环没有被打开,可生化性极低,仍然继续污染环境研究结果为控制麦草畏对人体健康危害,进行生物修复工程,提供了重要的参考依据.     

加油站油气回收系统分析与关键技术研究

深入分析了加油站平衡式油气回收系统、真空泵辅助式油气回收系统的美国模式和德国模式的油气回收效率和关键技术问题,揭示了密封性是平衡式失败和美国模式低效的根本原因,解决了困扰业界的罐压不高、罐压保持、后处理装置是否必要等困惑和争议,提出高效率、低密封性要求的"低罐压真空泵辅助式油气回收系统"技术方案和实施方案。