燃煤机组超低排放系统成本分析及经济性运行策略

为了探究典型燃煤机组超低排放系统的经济性运行区间以及经济性优化策略,建立了长三角区域115台燃煤机组(共计79370 MW)超低排放技术路线数据库;通过建立污染物控制技术成本评估模型,探究了机组容量、煤质、运行时间和"上大压小"策略对运行成本的影响.针对典型超低排放技术路线,机组容量由100 MW增加至1000 MW时,超低排放系统运行成本由0.051元·(kWh)-1下降至0.027元·(kWh)-1.根据环保电价补贴,将超低排放系统运行成本划分成了4个区间.当超低排放电价补贴为0时,600 MW及1000 MW机组超低排放系统原有的环保电价补贴仍可满足超低排放系统运行的成本要求."上大压小"策略可以显著降低污染物控制成本,在实现相同发电量的情况下,如果用3台1000 MW燃煤机组替代10台300 MW燃煤机组,SO2、NOx及PM控制年运行成本下降幅度分别为20.7％、27.6％和34.4％.本研究结果可为燃煤电厂超低排放系统的经济性运行提供参考.     

泥石流作用下夯土建筑灾变响应特征研究∗

探究泥石流对夯土房屋的破坏模式及其动力致灾特征,有利于推进研究山区房屋承灾体对泥石流的灾变机制,对提高灾害风险管理水平、指导山区防灾减灾工作具有重要意义。通过实地调研凉山喜德县基恩德沟火后泥石流,总结了泥石流对夯土房屋的破坏模式,分析了泥石流动力学特征,根据现场受损房屋实测数据进行三维建模,利用有限元分析方法,获取了夯土建筑的位移时程响应和应力时程响应,反演了夯土建筑承灾破坏过程,探讨了泥石流作用下夯土建筑灾变响应特征。结果表明：(1)泥石流对夯土房屋的破坏模式表现为：通过墙体干缩裂缝渗入室内淤埋房屋;冲刷墙体基础导致墙体倒塌;携带大石块冲毁建筑;(2)墙体受泥石流冲击破坏表现为冲击点压碎破坏、墙体内侧受拉破坏和墙角剪切破坏;纵墙损伤为泥石流冲毁山墙后进入室内沿门洞冲出时导致的第二次破坏;(3)夯土房屋整体性较差,裂缝的发展切断了应力的传递路径,有效保护了其他墙体;(4)夯土房屋在泥石流作用下率先破坏的区域为大石块撞击点、墙基和墙角等形状突变位置。为此,夯土房屋防护,可首先考虑加固墙基和墙体转角等应力突变位置。     

Preparation of Pyridine Polyionic Liquid Porous Microspheres and Their Application in Organic Dye Adsorption

Journal of Polymers and the Environment - Adsorption is a common method to treat organic dye pollution in industrial wastewater. Selective adsorption and reuse can greatly reduce the waste of...     

我国中东部地区2015—2020年夏半年PM2.5和臭氧复合污染气象特征分析

为了解我国夏半年大气复合污染特征及其与气象条件的关系,基于2015—2020年夏半年(4—10月)空气质量监测、常规气象观测等资料,结合统计学方法与主观经验开展对比分析. 结果表明:分析时段内我国大气污染呈单污染比例升高、臭氧(O₃)与PM_2.5污染“双高”污染事件减少的特征,中东部大部分地区O₃超标日数增加、PM_2.5超标日数减少的“跷跷板”效应十分明显. 通过对污染过程的分析发现,区域O₃污染持续性特征明显,其中京津冀及周边地区持续时间超过10 d的O₃污染过程共有6次,最长持续时间为15 d. 与之相比,复合污染过程表现出离散性(区域污染过程少)、间歇性(持续性过程少)的特征. 区域O₃污染过程发生时的气象条件一般为最高温度较高、风速较小、混合层高度较低,但东北地区在大气扩散条件较好的情况下仍会出现区域O₃污染. 通过对地面天气分型的分析发现,均压场型和低压控制型为O₃污染出现时最主要的两种地面天气形势,高压控制型下出现O₃污染的概率相对较低,京津冀及周边地区在倒槽控制下也有一定概率的O₃污染出现. 研究显示,我国中东部地区夏半年O₃污染影响显著,关注不同地区O₃污染与气象条件之间的相关性对于大气复合污染防控有一定积极意义.      

浅谈视频监控在石化安全领域的运用与探索

以天然气净化厂安全视频监控运用为实例,充分阐述了视频监控的分类、特点以及运用实效,对各类风险场景视频监控的应用配置进行了探讨,并针对问题和不足提出了措施建议,为视频监控在石化安全领域中的开发、运用、管理提供参考。     

海绵城市规划指标分解案例研究——以北京A新城为例

设计指标分解是海绵城市规划设计的重难点,但目前并没有统一的标准来指导实践.为探索海绵城市规划指标分解方法,以A新城海绵城市专项规划为例,将年径流总量控制率、控制容积作为控制性指标,下沉式绿地率、透水铺装率、绿色屋顶率和调蓄容积作为引导性指标,结合建设情况、汇水面种类及构成情况等条件,利用海绵城市规划设计辅助计算软件加权...     

“三门六科”水质基准最少毒性数据需求原则

MTDR(最少毒性数据需求)是水质基准推算中数据应用的重要原则. 以重金属Pb2+、Cd2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+、Cr6+为例,在广泛搜集物种毒性数据的基础上,通过数据比较分析,初步研究了我国水生生物基准的MTDR. 结果表明:Hg2+、Pb2+和Cu2+基于“三门六科”推导的急性基准值与基于美国“三门八科”MTDR的推算结果相近,分别相差20.5%、25.2%和33.3%;Cd2+、Zn2+和Cr6+的计算结果差别较为明显,表明相对于美国“三门八科”MTDR,在我国生物毒性数据缺乏的情况下,“三门六科”MTDR对于部分污染物基本可行,但仍具有一定的不确定性. “三门六科”包括鲤科、除鲤科外的另一科鱼类(冷水鱼优先)、两栖类、浮游甲壳类、昆虫类和环节动物类.      

Changes in soil organic matter composition after afforestation of arable farmland in northeast China

Since the 1970s, a substantial area of arable farmland in a semi-humid area of northeast China has been planted as deciduous forests (Populus tomentosa Carr.). This study investigates the effects of afforestation on soil organic carbon (SOC) content and the chemical composition of the soil. Soil samples (Calcic chernozem) were collected from the upper 10?cm of paired arable land and secondary forests established 5 and 25 years previously. Carbon isotope analysis and pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to determine SOC composition. The results show that (i) compared to the arable land, five years of afforestation caused a decrease in SOC and N concentration, while 25 years of afforestation resulted in an increase in SOC content; (ii) stable isotope δ¹³C analyses of the forest soils show gradual loss of crop-derived C and an accumulation of forest-derived C; and (iii) afforestation increased lignin abundance and decreased decompositional activity in the 25-year-old forest topsoil. Higher amounts of short-/mid-chain aliphatic compounds were observed in the 5-year-old forest (5–10?cm); and (iv) the arable soil contained substantially higher amounts of decomposed plant material and microbially derived substances. The results obtained suggest that long-term afforestation increases the SOC concentration, and alters the chemical composition of SOC.     

盐城海滨湿地植被地上生物量遥感估算研究

以盐城湿地自然保护区核心区的ETM+图像数据和同期野外实测的31 个样方地上生物量干重、湿重数据为数据源,分析了15 个遥感信息变量与湿地植被地上生物量干重、湿重的相关关系,并选择在0.01 水平上显著相关的8 个遥感变量建立一元线性回归模型、一元曲线回归模型以及多元逐步回归模型,并对比得出最优模型,进而计算出整个研究区的地上生物量。研究得出：①与研究区湿地植被地上生物量干重和湿重相关性最大的都是ETM+4 波段,干重的相关系数为0.833,湿重的相关系数为0.796;②研究区植被地上生物量干重和湿重的遥感估算模型都是一元三次函数模型,且干重模型的拟合精度要优于湿重模型;③得到研究区地上生物量干重总重量为2.28×10⁸ kg,湿重总重量为6.10×10⁸ kg。     

Removal of phenol by powdered activated carbon adsorption

In this study, the adsorption performance of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on phenol was investigated in aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate the effects of various experimental parameters like PAC type, PAC dose, initial solution pH, temperature and pre-oxidation on the adsorption of phenol by PAC and establish the adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics and isothermal models. The results indicated that PAC adsorption is an effective method to remove phenol from water, and the effects of all the five factors on adsorption of phenol were significant. The adsorption rate of phenol by PAC was rapid, and more than 80% phenol could be absorbed by PAC within the initial 10 min. The adsorption process can be well described by pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetic model with rate constant amounted to 0.0313, 0.0305 and 0.0241 mg·μg ^-1·min ^-1 with coal, coconut shell and bamboo charcoal. The equilibrium data of phenol absorbed onto PAC were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin adsorption isotherms and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model gave the best correlation with the experimental data. Thermodynamic parameters such as the standard Gibbs free energy (?G^o), enthalpy (?H^o) and entropy (?S^o) obtained in this study indicated that the adsorption of phenol by PAC is spontaneous, exothermic and entropy decreasing.