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151.
152.
Dipa Ray Papri Roy Suparna Sengupta Siba Prasad Sengupta Amar K. Mohanty Manjusri Misra 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2009,17(1):49-55
Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) blends in two different ratios (60:40 and 50:50) were prepared with glycerol as a plasticizer. Films
were cast by a solution casting method. One set of films were filled with 10 wt% of bentonite clay and another set of films
were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in an alkaline medium. The prepared film samples were characterized with dynamic mechanical
analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The presence of clay and crosslinking with epichlorohydrin was found
to have considerable effect on the dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability of the films. Intercomponent H-bonding
between starch, Poly(vinylalcohol) and glycerol enhanced the thermal stability of the films. But incorporation of clay and
crosslinking with epichlorohydrin enhanced the steric crowding and lowered the thermal stability of the films. 相似文献
153.
As a basic means to control odorants released from a landfill leachate treatment station (LLTS), effluents venting from this station were treated via incineration with methane rich landfill gas (at 750 °C). A list of the key offensive odorants covering 22 chemicals was measured by collecting those gas samples both before and after the treatment. Upon incineration, the concentration levels of most odorants decreased drastically below threshold levels. The sum of odorant intensities (SOIs), if compared between before and after incineration, decreased from 6.94 (intolerable level) to 3.45 (distinct level). The results indicate that the thermal incineration method can be used as a highly efficient tool to remove most common odorants (e.g., reduced sulfur species), while it is not so for certain volatile species (e.g., carbonyls, fatty acids, etc.). 相似文献
154.
Swapan Kumar Ghosh Sujoy Pal Sumanta Ray 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(7):4339-4355
Plastic is a broad name given to the different types of organic polymers having high molecular weight and is commonly derived from different petrochemicals. Plastics are generally not biodegradable or few are degradable but in a very slow rate. Day by day, the global demand of these polymers is sharply increasing; however, considering their abundance and potentiality in causing different environmental hazards, there is a great concern in the possible methods of degradation of plastics. Recently, there have been some debates at the world stage about the potential degradation procedures of these synthetic polymers and microbial degradation has emerged as one of the potential alternative ways of degradation of plastics. Alternatively, some scientists have also reported many adverse effects of these polymers in human health, and thus, there is an immediate need of a potential screening of some potential microbes to degrade these synthetic polymers. In this review, we have taken an attempt to accumulate all information regarding the chemical nature along with some potential microbes and their enzymatic nature of biodegradation of plastics along with some key factors that affect their biodegradability. 相似文献
155.
Conservation of Coral Reefs after the 1998 Global Bleaching Event 总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17
156.
Emilie-Jane Ens Peter Cooke Ray Nadjamerrek Seraine Namundja Victor Garlngarr Dean Yibarbuk 《Environmental management》2010,45(4):751-758
Aboriginal land managers have observed that feral Asian water buffalo (Bubalis bubalis Lydekker) are threatening the ecological and cultural integrity of perennial freshwater sources in Arnhem Land, Australia.
Here we present collaborative research between the Aboriginal Rangers from Warddeken Land Management Limited and Western scientists
which quantified the ground-level impacts of buffalo on seven perennial freshwater springs of the Arnhem Plateau. A secondary
aim was to build the capacity of Aboriginal Rangers to self-monitor and evaluate the ecological outcomes of their land management
activities. Sites with high buffalo abundance had significantly different ground, ground cover, and water quality attributes
compared to sites with low buffalo abundance. The low buffalo abundance sites were characterized by tall herbaceous vegetation
and flat ground, whereas wallows, bare ground, and short ungrazed grasses were indicators of sites with high buffalo abundance.
Water turbidity was greater when buffalo abundance was high. The newly acquired monitoring skills and derived indicators of
buffalo damage will be used by Aboriginal Rangers to assess the ecological outcomes of their future buffalo control efforts
on the Arnhem Plateau. 相似文献
157.
Frederick Willem Bouckaert Yongping Wei James Pittock Vitor Vasconcelos Ray Ison 《Ambio》2022,51(8):1871
Successful river basin governance is challenged by actor engagement in the various stages of planning and management. A governance approach for determining priorities for actors for sustainable management was developed, based on a river basin diagnostic framework consisting of four social-institutional and four biophysical indicators. It was applied in river basins in Australia, Brazil, China and France. Actors diagnosed current and target capacity for these indicators, and estimated synergistic influences of interacting indicators. The results reveal different priorities and transformative pathways to achieve basin plan outcomes, specific to each basin and actor groups. Priorities include biodiversity for the Murray-Darling, local water management needs for the São Francisco and Yellow rivers, and improved decision-making for the Adour-Garonne. This novel approach challenges entrenched views about key issues and actor engagement roles in co-implementation of the basin plan under existing prevailing governance models, with implications for engagement and international collaboration on basin governance.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01699-4. 相似文献
158.
Evans CD Caporn SJ Carroll JA Pilkington MG Wilson DB Ray N Cresswell N 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,143(3):468-478
A simple model of nitrogen (N) saturation, based on an extension of the biogeochemical model MAGIC, has been tested at two long-running heathland N manipulation experiments. The model simulates N immobilisation as a function of organic soil C/N ratio, but permits a proportion of immobilised N to be accompanied by accumulation of soil carbon (C), slowing the rate of C/N ratio change and subsequent N saturation. The model successfully reproduced observed treatment effects on soil C and N, and inorganic N leaching, for both sites. At the C-rich upland site, N addition led to relatively small reductions in soil C/N, low inorganic N leaching, and a substantial increase in organic soil C. At the C-poor lowland site, soil C/N ratio decreases and N leaching increases were much more dramatic, and soil C accumulation predicted to be smaller. The study suggests that (i) a simple model can effectively simulate observed changes in soil and leachate N; (ii) previous model predictions based on a constant soil C pool may overpredict future N leaching; (iii) N saturation may develop most rapidly in dry, organic-poor, high-decomposition systems; and (iv) N deposition may lead to significantly enhanced soil C sequestration, particularly in wet, nutrient-poor, organic-rich systems. 相似文献
159.
Kinetic assessment of the potassium ferrate(VI) oxidation of antibacterial drug sulfamethoxazole 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a worldwide-applied antibacterial drug, was recently found in surface waters and in secondary wastewater effluents, which may result in ecotoxical effects in the environment. Herein, removal of SMX by environmentally-friendly oxidant, potassium ferrate(VI) (K(2)FeO(4)), is sought by studying the kinetics of the reaction between Fe(VI) and SMX as a function of pH (6.93-9.50) and temperature (15-45 degrees C). The rate law for the oxidation of SMX by Fe(VI) is first-order with respect to each reactant. The observed second-order rate constant decreased non-linearly from 1.33+/-0.08 x 10(3) M(-1)s(-1) to 1.33+/-0.10 x 10(0) M(-1)s(-1) with an increase of pH from 7.00 to 9.50. This is related to protonation of Fe(VI) (HFeO(4)(-) <==> H(+) + FeO(4)(2-); pK(a,HFeO(4)) = 7.23) and sulfamethoxazole (SH <==> H(+) + S(-); pK(a,SH)=5.7). The estimated rate constants were k(11)(HFeO(4)(-) + SH) = 3.0 x 10(4) M(-1)s(-1), k(12)(HFeO(4)(-) + S(-)) = 1.7 x 10(2) M(-1)s(-1), and k(13) (FeO(4)(2-) + SH) = 1.2 x 10(0) M(-1)s(-1). The energy of activation at pH 7.0 was found to be 1.86+/-0.04 kJ mol(-1). If excess potassium ferrate(VI) concentration (10 microM) is used than the SMX in water, the half-life of the reaction using a rate constant obtained in our study would be approximately 2 min at pH 7. The reaction rates are pH dependent; thus, so are the half-lives of the reactions. The results suggest that K(2)FeO(4) has the potential to serve as an oxidative treatment chemical for removing SMX in water. 相似文献
160.
Byung Kyu Kim Jamie Krams Erin Krug Mark Leaseburge Justin Lemley Ammar Alkhawaldeh Ray A. Mentzer M. Sam Mannan 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2012,25(5):780-787
Several catastrophic events in the process industry have caused extensive damage to life and property and have forever changed the process safety landscape. Despite the commitment from the industry, incidents still occur with similar root causes, impacting major companies in various ways. This work examines the financial impact of such incidents on the stability and future of affected companies in different industries. Several devastating incidents were analyzed to evaluate the direct impact in the short- and long-term and to discuss factors influencing the ability of affected companies to withstand the consequence of catastrophic events. 相似文献