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221.
Patrick Alexander Ray Mehmet Ümit Taner Katherine Elizabeth Schlef Sungwook Wi Hassaan Furqan Khan Sarah St George Freeman Casey Matthew Brown 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(4):920-937
There has recently been a return in climate change risk management practice to bottom‐up, robustness‐based planning paradigms introduced 40 years ago. The World Bank's decision tree framework (DTF) for “confronting climate uncertainty” is one incarnation of those paradigms. In order to better represent the state of the art in climate change risk assessment and evaluation techniques, this paper proposes: (1) an update to the DTF, replacing its “climate change stress test” with a multidimensional stress test; and (2) the addition of a Bayesian network framework that represents joint probabilistic behavior of uncertain parameters as sensitivity factors to aid in the weighting of scenarios of concern (the combination of conditions under which a water system fails to meet its performance targets). Using the updated DTF, water system planners and project managers would be better able to understand the relative magnitudes of the varied risks they face, and target investments in adaptation measures to best reduce their vulnerabilities to change. Next steps for the DTF include enhancements in: modeling of extreme event risks; coupling of human‐hydrologic systems; integration of surface water and groundwater systems; the generation of tradeoffs between economic, social, and ecological factors; incorporation of water quality considerations; and interactive data visualization. 相似文献
222.
Ray F. Maddalone Steve F. Newton Richard G. Rhudy Robert M. Statnick 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(6):626-631
The study reported by this paper involves the use of the Controlled Condensation System (Goksoyr/Ross Coil) for flue gas S03 measurements in both the laboratory and the field, under low and high mass loadings. The Controlled Condensation System cools the flue gas to below the dewpoint of H2S04 but above the H20 dewpoint. The resulting aerosol is collected either on the coil walls or on the back-up glass frit. The laboratory recovery of the H2S04 in streams of varying S02, H20, and H2S04 content was found to be 95 ± 6%. A new quartz filter holder was designed to meet the filtration problems encountered in collecting S03 from particle laden flue gas streams. This quartz system, when heated to above 250°C, quantitatively passed the H2S04 into the condensation coil. Later studies with this filter system preloaded with fly ash equivalent to a mass loading of 1.3 g/m3 yielded a 80-85% recovery of H2S04. The laboratory system was simultaneously tested at a 150 megawatt, pulverized coal-fired power plant prior to and after a wet limestone FGD. The inlet grain loading to the FGD ranged from 0.06 g/m3 to 11.4 g/m3 with S02 concentrations as high as 4000 ppm. The average inlet H2S04 value was 8.3 ppm and the outlet from the FGD was 3.1 ppm. The source fluctuation value was determined to be ±65%. 相似文献
223.
224.
Church CD Kleinman PJ Bryant RB Saporito LS Allen AL 《Journal of environmental quality》2010,39(6):2080-2088
Little is known about the fate of arsenic (As) in land-applied litter from chickens that have been fed roxarsone, an organic feed additive containing As. This study seeks to elucidate the transfer of As in runoff from ditch-drained soils of the poultry-producing region of the Delmarva Peninsula by tracking As and phosphorus (P) export from seven drainage ditches over two water-years (1 July 2005 to 30 June 2007). Annual losses of As from ditches ranged from 0.004 to 0.071 kg ha(-1) while P losses ranged from 0.33 to 18.56 kg ha(-1), with the largest loads associated with a litter storage shed that served as a point source. Event-based As and P losses in ditch flow fluctuated by a factor of 162 and 1882, respectively. The two elements were correlated in flow from the ditch draining a litter storage shed (r = 0.99), and in sediment extracts in soils near the litter shed (r = 0.73), pointing to similar behavior under point source conditions. Indeed, As and P exhibited similar behavior within storms for all ditches, characterized by relatively high initial concentrations subject to rapid concentration declines before peak flow, consistent with dilution of a finite source. However, As and P concentrations varied significantly between ditches and showed considerable temporal variability within ditches, with no clear seasonal trends or associations with current management strategies. The results suggest that similar management strategies might be effective for As and P point sources, but that field management practices geared toward controlling nonpoint source P losses may not readily transfer to the control of As losses. 相似文献
225.
Daniel Baldwin Hess Paul David Ray Anne E. Stinson JiYoung Park 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(39):5174-5182
This research evaluates commuter exposure to particulate matter during pre-journey commute segments for passengers waiting at bus stops by investigating 840 min of simultaneous exposure levels, both inside and outside seven bus shelters in Buffalo, New York. A multivariate regression model is used to estimate the relation between exposure to particulate matter (PM2.5 measured in μg m?3) and three vectors of determinants: time and location, physical setting and placement, and environmental factors. Four determinants have a statistically significant effect on particulate matter: time of day, passengers’ waiting location, land use near the bus shelter, and the presence of cigarette smoking at the bus shelter. Model results suggest that exposure to PM2.5 inside a bus shelter is 2.63 μg m?3 (or 18 percent) higher than exposure outside a bus shelter, perhaps due in part to the presence of cigarette smoking. Morning exposure levels are 6.51 μg m?3 (or 52 percent) higher than afternoon levels. Placement of bus stops can affect exposure to particulate matter for those waiting inside and outside of shelters: air samples at bus shelters located in building canyons have higher particulate matter than bus shelters located near open space. 相似文献
226.
In this article we compared the response of surface water runoff to a storm event for different rates of urbanization, reforestation
and riparian buffer setbacks across forty subwatersheds of the Muskegon River Watershed located in Michigan, USA. We also
made these comparisons for several forecasted and one historical land use scenarios (over 140 years). Future land use scenarios
to 2040 for forest regrowth, urbanization rates and stream setbacks were developed using the Land Transformation Model (LTM).
Historical land use information, from 1900 at 5-year time step intervals, was created using a Backcast land use change model
configured using artificial neural network and driven by agriculture and housing census information. We show that (1) controlling
the rate of development is the most effective policy option to reduce runoff; (2) establishing setbacks along the mainstem
are not as effective as controlling urban growth; (3) reforestation can abate some of the runoff effects from urban growth
but not all; (4) land use patterns of the 1970s produced the least amount of runoff in most cases in the Muskegon River Watershed
when compared to land use maps from 1900 to 2040; and, (5) future land use patterns here not always lead to increased (worse)
runoff than the past. We found that while ten of the subwatersheds contained futures that were worse than any past land use
configuration, twenty-five (62.5%) of the subwatersheds produced the greatest amount of runoff in 1900, shortly after the
entire watershed was clear-cut. One third (14/40) of the subwatersheds contained the minimum amount of runoff in the 1960s
and 1970s, a period when forest amounts were greatest and urban amounts relatively small. 相似文献
227.
Noel E. Palmer Ray von Wandruszka 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2010,17(7):1362-1370
Purpose
Dissolved humic acids abiotically reduced inorganic arsenic to varying degrees, depending on solution pH, ionic strength, and type of humate used. The functionalities of dissolved organic matter responsible for these redox reactions remained in question, but quinoid moieties undoubtedly played an important role. It is not fully understood whether the quinoids are solely responsible for arsenate reduction, and what the kinetics of the relevant processes are. 相似文献228.
A Study of Physicomechanical and Morphological Properties of Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) Based Films 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Dipa Ray Papri Roy Suparna Sengupta Siba Prasad Sengupta Amar K. Mohanty Manjusri Misra 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2009,17(1):56-63
Starch/Poly(vinylalcohol) blends in two different ratios (60:40 and 50:50) were prepared with glycerol as a plasticizer. Films
were cast by a solution casting method. One set of films were filled with 10 wt% of unmodified bentonite clay and another
set of films were crosslinked with epichlorohydrin in an alkaline medium. The prepared film samples were subjected to X-ray
diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mechanical characterization and scanning electron microscope
(SEM). Significant changes in the tensile properties were observed depending on the different chemical constituents of the
films. The presence of clay and crosslinking with epichlorohydrin were both found to have considerable effect on the morphology
and mechanical property of the films. The SEM investigations, XRD analysis and FTIR studies revealed the interaction between
the various chemical components of the films. 相似文献
229.
Bidisha Mukherjee Anindita Dutta Saswati Chowdhury Sanghita Roychoudhury Manas Ranjan Ray 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):2826-2836
Biomass burning is a major source of indoor air pollution in rural India. This study examined whether chronic inhalation of biomass smoke causes change in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway in the airway cells. For this, airway cells exfoliated in sputum were collected from 72 premenopausal nonsmoking rural women (median age 34 years) who cooked with biomass (wood, dung, crop residues) and 68 control women who cooked with cleaner fuel liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for the past 5 years or more. The levels of particulate matters with diameters less than 10 and 2.5 μm (PM10 and PM2.5) in indoor air were measured by real-time aerosol monitor. Benzene exposure was monitored by measuring trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA) in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in airway cells were measured by flow cytometry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Immunocytochemical assay revealed lower percentage of airway epithelial cells expressing MMR proteins mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) and mutS homolog 2 (MSH2) in biomass-using women compared to LPG-using controls. Women who cooked with biomass had 6.7 times higher level of urinary t,t-MA, twofold increase in ROS generation, and 31 % depletion of SOD. Indoor air of biomass-using households had three times more particulate matters than that of controls. ROS, urinary t,t-MA, and particulate pollution in biomass-using kitchen had negative correlation, while SOD showed positive correlation with MSH2 and MLH1 expression. It appears that chronic exposure to biomass smoke reduces MMR response in airway epithelial cells, and oxidative stress plays an important role in the process. 相似文献
230.
David M. Olszyk Homero Cabrera C. Ray Thompson 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):928-931
Six properties appear desirable for any set of ozone attainment criteria: (1) sufficient stringency to protect public health, (2) simplicity and understandability, (3) sensitivity to real changes in air quality, (4) stability against meteorological fluctuations, (5) use of as much data as possible, and (6) equivalence between the stringency the criteria appear to mandate, and what they actually mandate. We consider how the federal attainment criteria might be improved with respect to Properties 4 through 6 while being equally strong on 1 through 3. Whether the federal standard meets Property 1 has been the subject of debate, but our analysis would apply also to a modified standard. We show that there are subtleties in how improvements might be made. In particular, basing the attainment status on a statistic with low variance may not lead to a more stable criterion, and although it is easy to find a criterion that makes it hard for a district with bad air to reach attainment, or a district with good air to get out of attainment, it is hard to find a criterion that does both. This suggests using different criteria for districts that are out of attainment from districts that are in attainment. Initially the burden of proof would be on the district to prove that its air is of attainment quality. However, once the district has achieved attainment the burden of proof would shift; the district would remain in attainment unless there was strong evidence to the contrary. An evaluation of a set of criteria based on this idea showed improvements over the federal criteria with respect to the last three desirable properties-stability, use of data, and equivalent stringency-with some sacrifice in simplicity and sensitivity. 相似文献