沉积物中Pb和Cd对泥鳅的毒性效应及其基准阈值的验证

为探讨沉积物中AVS(acid volatile sulfide,酸挥发性硫化物)和SEM(simultaneously extracted metals,同时提取金属)对重金属生物有效性和基准验证的影响,以泥鳅为受试生物,以死亡率、鳃部渗血率和体质量变化为测试终点,研究了沉积物和上覆水中重金属Pb、Cd对底栖生物的毒性效应,并对文献中Pb、Cd沉积物基准阈值进行了验证. 结果表明:沉积物中Pb、Cd对泥鳅21 d的LC₅₀(半数致死浓度)分别为391、37.0 mg/kg;上覆水中ρ(Pb2+)和ρ(Cd2+)较低,对生物毒性效应贡献可以忽略. 经验证,Pb和Cd的TEL(threshold effect level,临界效应浓度)和PEL(probable effect level,必然效应浓度)基本符合其所代表的意义,Pb、Cd加标浓度(以w计)低于其对应的TEL时不具有毒性,高于其对应的PEL时具有明显毒性,介于二者之间时毒性不确定. SEM/AVS(物质的量比)和生物死亡率有明显的相关性,当该比值大于1.00时,重金属对泥鳅有明显的毒性效应.      

动态浸出模拟实验系统与静态浸出试验的对比

建立了动态浸出试验－－小柱模拟实验系统,研究在非饱和水条件下危险物质在填埋场中的迁移和浸出规律,并和静肪浸出实验进行比较,结果表明,在非饱和入渗条件下危险物质的浸出浓度要比静态浸出实验的结果小１００倍左右,危险发的浸出速率也远小于静实验的结果,同时,危险物质的浸出速率随废物层饮水度的增加而迅速增加。     

温度与湿度对氨为添加剂脉冲放电烟气脱硫的影响

对脉冲放电烟气脱硫的实验研究与理论分析表明,ＳＯ２的除主要取决于ＮＨ３与ＳＯ２热化学反应;在单位体积烟气注入能量为０－５Ｗ·ｈ／ｍ＾,脉冲放电使ＳＯ２脱率提高０－２５％,脱硫产物的主要组分是（ＮＨ２）２ＳＯ４,其含量随着单位体积烟气注入能量的增加而增大气光单位体积烟气注入能量为３Ｗ·ｈ／ｍ＾３,停留时间小于１０ｓ工业应用许可的范围内,烟气脱硫最佳温度为６０－６５℃,最佳含水体积分数为９－１１％。     

简论安全管理的警示职能——墨菲定律的启示

通过对墨菲定律的研究,得到两点启示,进而论证了安全管理必须发挥警示职能的科学道理,同时也表明了发挥警示职能对于提高安全管理水平的重要作用     

Tank-dependence of the functionality and network differentiation of activated sludge community in a full-scale anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic municipal sewage treatment plant

● Environmental parameters affected functional bacteria and network associations. ● The structure and interactions of AS networks changed greatly within tanks. ● Anoxic co-occurrence network was more unstable and easily influenced. ● Composition of functional bacteria had a seasonal succession pattern. ● Tetrasphaera was the major PAO in spring and winter leading a better P removal. Understanding the structures and dynamics of bacterial communities in activated sludge (AS) in full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is of both engineering and ecological significance. Previous investigations have mainly focused on the AS communities of WWTP aeration tanks, and the differences and interactions between the communities in anaerobic and anoxic tanks of the AS system remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated the structures of bacterial communities and their inter-connections in three tanks (anaerobic, anoxic, and aerobic) and influent from a full-scale WWTP with conventional anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic (A/A/O) process over a year to explore their functionality and network differentiation. High-throughput sequencing showed that community compositions did not differ appreciably between the different tanks, likely due to the continuous sludge community interchange between tanks. However, network analysis showed significant differences in inter-species relationships, OTU topological roles, and keystone populations in the different AS communities. Moreover, the anoxic network is expected to be more unstable and easily affected by environmental disturbance. Tank-associated environmental factors, including dissolved oxygen, pH, and nutrients, were found to affect the relative abundance of functional genera (i.e., AOB, NOB, PAOs, and denitrifiers), suggesting that these groups were more susceptible to environmental variables than other bacteria. Therefore, this work could assist in improving our understanding of tank-associated microbial ecology, particularly the response of functional bacteria to seasonal variations in WWTPs employing A/A/O process.     

Evaluation of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives as antibacterial agents: activity and mechanistic studies

● All 1,4-naphthoquinone hybrids exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. ● Presence of a hydroxyl group on aromatic B-ring of juglone was crucial for activity. ● Juglone can cause DNA damage by producing ROS and downregulation of RecA. ● Juglone has the potential to become a disinfectant. The diverse and large-scale application of disinfectants posed potential health risks and caused ecological damage during the 2019-nCoV pandemic, thereby increasing the demands for the development of disinfectants based on natural products, with low health risks and low aquatic toxicity. In the present study, a few natural naphthoquinones and their derivatives bearing the 1,4-naphthoquinone skeleton were synthesized, and their antibacterial activity against selected bacterial strains was evaluated. In vitro antibacterial activities of the compounds were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Under the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ≤ 0.125 μmol/L for juglone (1a), 5,8-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (1f), and 7-methyl-5-acetoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (3c), a strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus was observed. All 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives exhibited a strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values ranging between 15.625 and 500 μmol/L and EC₅₀ values ranging between 10.56 and 248.42 μmol/L. Most of the synthesized compounds exhibited strong antibacterial activities against S. aureus. Among these compounds, juglone (1a) showed the strongest antibacterial activity. The results from mechanistic investigations indicated that juglone, a natural naphthoquinone, caused cell death by inducing reactive oxygen species production in bacterial cells, leading to DNA damage. In addition, juglone could reduce the self-repair ability of bacterial DNA by inhibiting RecA expression. In addition to having a potent antibacterial activity, juglone exhibited low cytotoxicity in cell-based investigations. In conclusion, juglone is a strong antibacterial agent with low toxicity, indicating that its application as a bactericidal agent may be associated with low health risks and aquatic toxicity.     

Stress response to nanoplastics with different charges in Brassica napus L. during seed germination and seedling growth stages

● Higher concentrations of PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H inhibited seed germination. ● PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H influenced seedling growth in a dose-dependent manner. ● PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H reduced essential nutrients uptake and plant quality. ● PS, PS-NH₂ and PS-SO₃H increased antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content. ● Nanoplastic toxicity was related to surface charges. Nanoplastic pollution has become a significant problem in farmland systems worldwide. However, research on the effects of nanoplastics (NPs) with different charges on field crops is still limited. In our study, NPs with different charges, including unmodified polystyrene nanoplastics (PS), positively charged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH₂), and negatively charged polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-SO₃H), were investigated for their impacts on seed germination and seedling growth of rape. The results showed that seed water uptake (after 12 h), seed germination, seed vigour, and relative root elongation were all significantly reduced under exposure to NPs (200 mg/L). Similarly, remarkable decreases in plant biomass (root weight, shoot weight), growth (root length, plant height), photosynthesis ability (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids), essential nutrient uptake (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu), and plant quality (soluble protein, soluble sugar, crude fibre content) of rape seedlings were also observed after exposure to NPs. Among the three kinds of NPs, PS-NH₂ showed stronger effects. Moreover, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities of rape seedlings were changed, and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly increased under exposure to NPs. Furthermore, positively charged PS-NH₂ showed stronger effects on the phenotype, physiology, biochemistry, nutrient uptake, and plant quality of rape. Notably, a comprehensive toxicity evaluation revealed that PS-NH₂ had the strongest toxicity to rape. The present study provides important implications for the interaction and risk assessment of NPs and crops in soil-plant systems.     

厌氧-往复好氧组合式工业废水处理新工艺

厌氧 往复好氧组合式工艺是针对我国传统的工业废水生物处理方式投资高、占地大、自动化程度低的实际状况而开发的一种高效、经济的废水处理新工艺。以该工艺装置处理啤酒废水的试验结果表明 ,厌氧 往复好氧组合式工艺去除有机物以及脱氮除磷的效果较好 ,同时还具有经常性运转费用低 ,投资省 ,占地面积小等特点     

基于膨胀特性的厌氧流化床反应器的设计和运行控制

生物流化床的床层膨胀行为直接与生化反应区的水动力学和效率相关 ,床层膨胀特性是进行合理设计和运行的重要依据。目前流化床设计一般没有考虑生物膜的影响 ,但生物颗粒的流化行为有别于光滑载体 ,因此需要对曳力系数Cd 和膨胀特性方程中的ui 进行必要的修正。在综合分析基础上 ,探讨了优化两相流化床设计和运行的程序和方法     

富马酸生产废水的资源化研究

用PCW-7-甲苯络合萃取剂处理富马酸废水,萃取液用碱液反萃回收,每立方米废水可回收9kg富马酸,其含量大于97％。研究了影响萃取效果的相关因素．确定了适宜的工艺条件。