Observations of atmospheric pollutants at Lhasa during 2014–2015: Pollution status and the influence of meteorological factors

Atmospheric pollutants including SO₂, NO₂, CO, O₃ and inhalable particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) were monitored continuously from March 2014 to February 2015 to investigate characteristics of air pollution at Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau. Species exhibited similar seasonal variations except O₃, with the peaks in winter but low valleys in summer. The maximum O₃ concentration was observed in spring, followed by summer, autumn, and winter. The positive correlation between O₃ and PM₁₀ in spring indicated similar sources of them, and was assumed to be turbulent transport. Temperature was the dominant meteorological factor for most species in spring. High temperature accelerates O₃ photochemistry, and favors air disturbance which is conductive to dust resuspension in spring. Relative humidity (RH) and atmospheric pressure were the main meteorological factors in summer. RH showed negative correlations with species, while atmospheric pressure posed opposite situation. Wind speed (WS) was the dominant meteorological factor in autumn, the negative correlations between WS and species indicated diffusion by wind. Most species showed non-significant correlations with meteorological factors in winter, indicating the dependence of pollution on source emission rather than restriction by meteorology. Pollution weather character indicated that emissions were from biomass burning and dust suspension, and meteorological factors also played an important role. Air stream injection from the stratosphere was observed during O₃ pollution period. Air parcels from Southwest Asia were observed during air pollution period in winter. An enhancement in air pollutants such as O₃ would be expected in the future, more attention should be given to countermeasures for prevention of air pollution in the future.     

Effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures in the sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The effects of tourmaline on nitrogen removal performance and biofilm structures were comparatively investigated in two identical laboratory-scale sequencing batch biofilm reactors(SBBRs)(denoted SBBR1 and SBBR2) at different nitrogen loading rates(NLRs) varying from(0.24 ± 0.01) to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). SBBR1 was operated in parallel with SBBR2, but SBBR1 was filled with polyurethane foam loaded tourmaline(TPU) carriers and another(SBBR2) filled with polyurethane foam(PU) carriers. Results obtained from this study showed that the excellent and stable performance of SBBR1 was obtained. Ammonia nitrogen removal and total nitrogen removal were higher in SBBR1 than that in SBBR2 with increase of NLR. At an NLR of(0.24 ± 0.01) g N/(L·day), the majority of the spherical and elliptical bacteria were surrounded by the extracellular polymeric substance(EPS) and bacillus or filamentous bacteria in two SBBRs biofilms. When NLR increased to(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day), the clusters were more obvious in the SBBR1 biofilm than that in the SBBR2 biofilm. Bacteria in SBBR1 were inclined to synthesis more EPS, and the formed EPS could protect the bacteria from free ammonia(FA) under extreme condition NLR(1.26 ± 0.02) g N/(L·day). The results of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed that the microbial community similarity in SBBR2 decreased more obviously than that in SBBR1 with the increase of NLR, which the microbial community in SBBR1 was relatively stable.     

Characterization and acid-mobilization study for typical iron-bearing clay mineral

In this study, iron speciation in five standard clay samples was characterized. Iron mobilization from these clays was then measured in acidic media. For comparison, a commercially available Arizona test dust (ATD) was also observed. The results showed that the free-Fe contents of clays were commonly lower than that of dust aerosols. The components of clays were dominant by the structural Fe held in the aluminosilicate lattice. The iron solubility of the clays were in the order of KGa-2?>?SWy-2?>?CCa-2?>?IMt-2?>?NAu-2. Based upon the Mössbauer spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the Fe(II) fraction and the Fe/Si ratio of clay particles changed after dissolution, suggesting the total Fe solubility depended on the Fe atom states existing within the aluminosilicate lattice. The Fe in KGa-2 and SWy-2 was most likely substituted for alkaline elements as the interlayer ions held by ionic bonds in the aluminosilicate, which are more liable to dissolution. However, the Fe in NAu-2 was more likely to be bound by strong covalent bonds in aluminosilicate mineral, which is less soluble. The much highly soluble Fe in ATD was not only linked to the dissolution of an appreciable fraction of Fe(II), but also could be attributed to the fact that the Fe bonds in the clay fraction of ATD were mainly present as ionic bonds. The TEM images showed that reacted clay particles displayed less aggregate particles, with nanoparticle aggregates and the Fe/S-rich tiny particles attached to the remains.     

大学生态环境保护意识教育方式的改革与创新研究

大学生态环境保护意识的缺失,造成大学校园环境水平急剧下降。为从根本上改善大学生态环境,各大学校积极开展大学生态环境保护意识教育。传统教育方法以说服教育为主,缺乏理论实践支持,造成大学生个人生态环境保护意识提升不明显。为改善这种现状,引入竞争力教育模式,通过教育方式指标的选取,确定新型大学生态环境保护意识教育改革创新方法。通过对比研究的方式,证明应用改革创新后,大学生态环境保护意识教育方式,有效提升大学生个人生态环境保护意识,从根本上改善大学生态环境。     

立体车库中尾气排放智能监测装置设计研究

传统LugDown汽车尾气排放监测装置在气体监测过程中,受到不带负荷以及大量人为因素的干扰,存在检测精度差的弊端.因此,设计新的立体车库尾气排放智能监测装置,采用压力传感器利用杠杆原理将信号在电路中进行调试,对车辆进行驱动控制,通过不透光度计和尾气分析仪,实现汽车尾气检测和分析。对主程序进行规划提高监测装置软件算法的执行效率,采用浓度测试程序和存储与查询程序,收集汽车排放的汽车尾气数据并随时进行数据查找,实现立体车库尾气排放的智能监测。     

氧化镁湿法烟气脱硫回收工艺的技术经济可行性初步分析

介绍了回收结晶硫酸镁的氧化镁湿法烟气脱硫工艺的基本工艺流程，在抛弃法脱硫系统上所作的工业试验证明了吸收液循环提浓MgSO4的可行性。参照工业硫酸镁生产工艺对130t／h燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫作了回收工艺的投资效益分析和整体工艺的经济性评价，结果表明回收工业硫酸镁具有良好的经济效益。     

旅游开发活动对城市生态环境的影响——泰安市实证分析

旅游文化名城泰安市的实证分析表明，旅游开发活动对城市生态环境产生较大的影响，其主要原因是游人密度过大及由此引发的道路高生态负荷和围绕旅游经济活动兴起的服务产业的高强度，声环境、水体环境、生物生存环境和游客感应环境质量的下降是最为直接的后果。     

高层建筑水箱浸出有机物的GC/MS分析

采用高分子大网状吸附树脂(XAD)富集技术和GC/MS方法,对国内七种材料的水箱浸出有机物进行了分析,共计检出有机物百余种.根据测定结果可以判定,作为水箱的材质和涂料,水泥、SHZ-90瓷釉和玻璃钢是比较好的,其次为环氧树脂;聚胺酯和“青凝”涂料配方中都存在较大问题,应进一步改进;防锈漆问题最多,效果最差,应逐步淘汰.这一工作为合理地选择水箱材料和二次加压高层建筑供水设施的卫生学评价提供了科学依据.     

海泡石在废水处理中的应用研究

海泡石是一种纤维状含水的镁硅酸盐矿石 ,具有良好的吸附性能。纺织印染废水的组分异常复杂 ,是较难处理的废水之一。利用江西乐平产的海泡石对纺织印染废水进行了试验研究 ,实验结果表明 ,脱色率 >90 % ,CODCr去除率为70 %— 80 % ,其吸附容量为 30 7%。     

改性天然沸石去除水中氨氮的研究

分别采用NaCl、KCl和CaCl2对黑龙江省某市天然沸石进行改性，考察了pH值、氨氮初始浓度以及温度对改性沸石交换性能的影响，并对改性沸石的交换动力学进行了研究。结果表明，NaCl和KCl改性对沸石原矿交换容量有不同程度提高，而KCl改性后容量有所降低。pH、NH4初始浓度以及温度对交换性能有明显影响，pH6．0附近沸石交换容量最大；NH4初始浓度越高，反应速度越快，相同初始浓度下，钾型沸石交换速度较快，而沸石原矿交换速度最慢。采用Langmuir型离子交换等温线进行非线性回归的结果显示，低温有利于交换反应的进行。溶液中NH4^＋在改性沸石上的离子交换反应可采用Vermeulen模型描述，沸石原矿拟合相关系数较差。改性沸石多次再生后，其交换容量均有所降低。