The theory behind,and the challenges of,conserving nature's stage in a time of rapid change

Most conservation planning to date has focused on protecting today's biodiversity with the assumption that it will be tomorrow's biodiversity. However, modern climate change has already resulted in distributional shifts of some species and is projected to result in many more shifts in the coming decades. As species redistribute and biotic communities reorganize, conservation plans based on current patterns of biodiversity may fail to adequately protect species in the future. One approach for addressing this issue is to focus on conserving a range of abiotic conditions in the conservation‐planning process. By doing so, it may be possible to conserve an abiotically diverse “stage” upon which evolution will play out and support many actors (biodiversity). We reviewed the fundamental underpinnings of the concept of conserving the abiotic stage, starting with the early observations of von Humboldt, who mapped the concordance of abiotic conditions and vegetation, and progressing to the concept of the ecological niche. We discuss challenges posed by issues of spatial and temporal scale, the role of biotic drivers of species distributions, and latitudinal and topographic variation in relationships between climate and landform. For example, abiotic conditions are not static, but change through time—albeit at different and often relatively slow rates. In some places, biotic interactions play a substantial role in structuring patterns of biodiversity, meaning that patterns of biodiversity may be less tightly linked to the abiotic stage. Furthermore, abiotic drivers of biodiversity can change with latitude and topographic position, meaning that the abiotic stage may need to be defined differently in different places. We conclude that protecting a diversity of abiotic conditions will likely best conserve biodiversity into the future in places where abiotic drivers of species distributions are strong relative to biotic drivers, where the diversity of abiotic settings will be conserved through time, and where connectivity allows for movement among areas providing different abiotic conditions.     

人口规模、资源禀赋与经济增长实证分析

虽然在学界"人口规模"假说和"资源诅咒"假说至今还没有取得共识,但在当今人口危机和资源危机的大背景下,重新审视人口规模与资源禀赋在经济增长中的作用显得尤为紧迫。我国是否存在"人口规模"假说和"资源诅咒"假说?本文构建了新兴古典经济学模型和面板数据模型,得出以下结论:两种假说在中国根本不存在;无论人口规模或资源禀赋状况如何,不同地区均可通过交易效率传导机制实现经济增长。具体来说,不同人口规模或资源禀赋的地区可以积极探索制度改革,提高社会分工水平,大幅改善交易效率,诱导不同类型的社会实验和组织创新,就有可能创造出新的生产力,实现区域经济增长。这些结论一定程度上解决了学界存在的争论,具有重要的理论价值。在政策层面上,由于人口规模、资源禀赋仅是经济增长的两种要素,交易效率才是经济增长的支撑点和动力源,所以政府应该更加重视如何扩大市场容量、促进分工深化和提高交易效率。     

Optimization of process parameters of extraction of lotaustralin from the roots of Rhodiola rosea L using supercritical CO2 plus modifier

Lotaustralin from the root of Rhodiola rosea L was extracted using supercritical carbon dioxide with methanol as modifier. Response surface methodology using Box–Behnken experimental design was utilized to explore parameters for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The effects of various values of temperatures (50–70 °C), pressures (200--400 bar), and percentages of methanol modifier (80%–100%) on the extraction yields of lotaustralin were evaluated. Extract identification was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The experimental data obtained were fitted to second-order polynomial equations and assessed using analysis of variance. The highest yields predicted from the experiments were 2.05 g kg^?1 lotaustralin at the optimal values, i.e. temperature 65 °C, pressure 316 bar, 88% methanol modifier at a flow rate of 0.4 mL min^?1, and dynamic extraction time 90 min.     

Reclaiming the spent alkaline zinc manganese dioxide batteries collected from the manufacturers to prepare valuable electrolytic zinc and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 materials

A process for reclaiming the materials in spent alkaline zinc manganese dioxide (Zn–Mn) batteries collected from the manufacturers to prepare valuable electrolytic zinc and LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ materials is presented. After dismantling battery cans, the iron cans, covers, electric rods, organic separator, label, sealing materials, and electrolyte are separated through the washing, magnetic separation, filtrating, and sieving operations. Then, the powder residues react with H₂SO₄ (2 mol L^?1) solution to dissolve zinc under a liquid/solid ratio of 3:1 at room temperature, and subsequently, the electrolytic Zn with purity of ?99.8% is recovered in an electrolytic cell with a cathode efficiency of ?85% under the conditions of 37–40 °C and 300 A m^?2. The most of MnO₂ and a small quantity of electrolytic MnO₂ are recovered from the filtration residue and the electrodeposit on the anode of electrolytic cell, respectively. The recovered manganese oxides are used to synthesize LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ material of lithium-ion battery. The as-synthesized LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ discharges 118.3 mAh g^?1 capacity and 4.7 V voltage plateau, which is comparable to the sample synthesized using commercial electrolytic MnO₂. This process can recover the substances in the spent Zn–Mn batteries and innocuously treat the wastewaters, indicating that it is environmentally acceptable and applicable.     

二氧化钛光催化消毒技术在水处理中的研究

二氧化钛光催化消毒是一种新型的水处理技术,可以有效地去除水中常规的和新出现的致病微生物,杀菌效果好且相对常规消毒手段消毒副产物较少,处理工艺自身不会对处理水造成二次污染。通过总结光催化技术的研究历史,阐述了光催化氧化机理和杀灭微生物的具体过程,综述了二氧化钛光催化技术在水处理领域中杀灭细菌、真菌、藻类、原生动物和病毒的研究成果,论述了二氧化钛光催化消毒的必要性,并对二氧化钛光催化消毒的应用前景作了展望。     

大美龙江生态环境建设研究

2012年4月,黑龙江省第十一次代表大会报告中指出：必须坚持保护环境不动摇,大力加强生态保护．在建设大美龙江上实现新跨越。让青山常在、绿水长流,造福黑龙江,无愧子孙。抓好生态环境保护工程。努力建设大美龙江是社会主义生态文明建设的内在要求、是维护国家生态安全,实现可持续发展的有力保障、是实施富民强省战略部署的有效途径。本文通过对黑龙江省生态文明建设取得成就的梳理,分析黑龙江省生态文明建设过程中存在的问题及问题产生的原因,旨在探讨和提出建设大美龙江的对策建议。     

面向社会的地震监测预报信息服务调查与对策研究

本文基于中国"陌生人"社会的社会背景下,采用问卷方式对社会各个层次对地震监测预报信息的需求、认知现状等进行了抽样调查,提出了地震监测预报服务社会信息产品的种类及可行性。     

PVA降解酶催化反应的动力学方程

(上接2012年第6期第255页)结合图2发现,混合菌系产生的PVA降解酶在PVA浓度4 g/L以下时显示出一级反应特征。即,当底物浓度低时,酶的活性中心未被饱和,反应速度随底物浓度上升而成正比关系。因此,底物浓度越大,酶反应速率越快,PVA降解酶酶活越大。利用双倒数作图法求解该PVA降解酶酶催化的米氏方程。将图2中的PVA浓度([S])和PVA降解酶酶活(酶催化反应速率V)化为对应的1/[S]和1/V(见表2)。