好氧MBR处理垃圾渗滤液中膜面优势污染物及污染阻力

将好氧MBR处理垃圾渗滤液装置中的污泥混合液进行合理分离,通过死端过滤实验和膜污染阻力测定实验,以确定MBR中造成膜污染的优势污染物和优势污染阻力。实验结果表明,上清液中的胶体物质和大分子粘性有机物是造成膜污染的优势污染物;膜污染阻力主要由凝胶极化阻力和外部污染阻力构成,二者之和占总污染阻力的95%以上。     

温度对改性矿物吸附剂脱除气态汞影响

以蛭石、丝光沸石、膨润土及经改性后各物质为吸附剂,N2气氛下,在固定床实验台上进行了对烟气中单质汞脱除的实验研究,主要考察了温度的改变对改性矿物吸附剂脱除气态汞的影响。研究结果显示,膨润土、蛭石对汞的吸附基本不受温度的影响;未改性的吸附剂对汞的吸附能力均比较差;温度的提高有利于改性吸附剂对单质汞的脱除,说明改性后的吸附剂的脱汞过程以化学吸附为主;真正起作用的活性组分CeO2占据了丝光沸石的大部分表面积和空隙;丝光沸石经CuO改性前后吸附能力几乎未发生变化。     

强化混凝-吸附预处理生活污水

采用混凝/吸附复配的方式对生活污水进行了浓缩预处理。通过对有机物去除率和混合絮体沉降性能的考察,优选出最佳混凝剂聚合氯化铝和最佳吸附剂粉末活性炭,其最优投加量分别为60 mg/L和40 mg/L。在此复配条件下,COD去除率由单独投加混凝剂时的62%提高到73%,浊度去除率由88%提高到93%。同时利用分子量分级实验进一步阐述了混凝/吸附复配过程提升污水浓缩效果的机制。在机械加速澄清池连续实验中,在原水COD 300~500 mg/L、浊度130~360 NTU的水质条件下,出水COD稳定在70~86 mg/L之间,去除率达80%以上,出水浊度稳定在10 NTU以下。     

石油污染土壤胶体特征及其稳定性

采集辽河油田石油污染土壤样品并用离心法提取胶体,定性和定量研究了石油污染土壤胶体的主要物理化学性质,通过间歇实验研究了不同p H(p H=4~9)、不同价态阳离子(Na+、Ca2+和Fe3+)和不同价态阴离子(NO-3、SO2-4和PO3-4)存在下的胶体稳定性,比较了阳离子存在下石油污染土壤胶体和未受污染土壤胶体稳定性。研究结果表明,该石油污染土壤胶体总石油烃含量为123.24 mg/g,石油烃主要为直链烷烃和环烷烃。相同p H条件下石油污染土壤胶体Zeta电位负值比未受污染土壤胶体Zeta电位负值高。石油污染土壤胶体稳定性随p H值增加而增加,随着阳离子价数升高而减小,随阴离子价数升高而增大。Ca2+和Cu2+存在下,石油污染土壤胶体比未受污染土壤胶体稳定性更小。Na+和Fe3+存在下,石油污染土壤胶体比未受污染土壤胶体稳定性更大。     

长江口横沙附近河势变化与可利用港航资源分析

以1998/1999年长江流域洪水后奠定的河口河势为参照,利用四期大比例尺海图,数字化分析了1998/1999～2011年长江口北港河势与横沙东滩演变,讨论了北港和横沙东滩受河口重大工程影响产生的新变化。结果表明：青草沙水库工程稳定了北港河势;依托深水航道导堤工程和圈围工程,横沙东滩快速淤长,至2011年,-2 m、-5 m以上面积分别达到304 km2、522 km2,扣除深水航道坝田区面积,还有237 km2、450 km2;围绕横沙岛和横沙东滩,北岸可利用-10 m岸线达到16 km,在未来的7~23 a,可为上海的发展提供大量的新增岸线资源和土地资源。横沙北靠北港,南依长江口深水航道,东临东海;吹填成陆的横沙东滩土地资源丰富,经济地理位置优越,使得在横沙建设上海新港区成为可能     

基于GIS空间自相关的江汉平原钉螺分布特征

基于江汉平原1990、1995、2000、2005、2009年5个年份行政村尺度的钉螺面积分布数据,借助ArcGIS软件平台建立了钉螺分布数据库,运用全局自相关、聚类和异常值分析及热点分析方法分析了1990~2009年5个年份的钉螺时空分布特征。结果显示钉螺分布总体上存在显著的空间自相关性,分布模式主要呈现高值聚类,仙桃与洪湖交界处一直都是钉螺分布的高发正热点区域,即钉螺分布面积比较多。从时间变化规律来看,1990、2000和2009年是钉螺分布模式和热点区域发生变化的重要时间节点。研究结果对于钉螺扩散的防控、减少血吸虫病的传播有着重要的理论和现实意义     

Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor and regional integration analysis to characterize organic matter humification

The present several humification indexes cannot provide the whole fluorescence information on organic matter composition and the evaluation results from them are inconsistent sometimes. In this study, fluorescence excitation–emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis and fluorescence regional integration analysis were utilized to investigate organic matter humification, and the projection pursuit cluster (PPC) model was applied to form a suitable index for overcoming the difficulties in multi-index evaluation. The result showed that the ratio between the volume of humic- and fulvic-like fluorescence region and the volume of protein-like fluorescence region not only revealed the heterogeneity of organic matter, but also provided more accurate information on organic matter humification. In addition, the results showed that the PPC model could be used to characterize integrally the humification, and the projected characteristic value calculated from the PPC model could be used as the integrated humification evaluation index.     

Fine Particulate Chemical Composition and Light Extinction at Meadview,AZ

Abstract

The concentration of fine particulate nitrate, sulfate, and carbonaceous material was measured for 12-hr day-night samples using diffusion denuder samplers during the Project Measurement of Haze and Visibility Effects (MOHAVE) July to August 1992 Summer Intensive study at Meadview, AZ, just west of Grand Canyon National Park. Organic material was measured by several techniques. Only the diffusion denuder method measured the semivolatile organic material. Fine particulate sulfate and nitrate (using denuder technology) determined by various groups agreed. Based on the various collocated measurements obtained during the Project MOHAVE study, the precision of the major fine particulate species was ±0.6 μg/m³ organic material, ±0.3 μg/m³ ammonium sulfate, and ±0.07 μg/m³ ammonium nitrate. Data were also available on fine particulate crustal material, fine and coarse particulate mass from the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments sampling system, and relative humidity (RH), light absorption, particle scattering, and light extinction measurements from Project MOHAVE. An extinction budget was obtained using mass scattering coefficients estimated from particle size distribution data. Literature data were used to estimate the change in the mass scattering coefficients for the measured species as a function of RH and for the absorption of light by elemental carbon. Fine particulate organic material was the principal particulate contributor to light extinction during the study period, with fine particulate sulfate as the second most important contributor. During periods of highest light extinction, contributions from fine particulate organic material, sulfate, and light-absorbing carbon dominated the extinction of light by particles. Particle light extinction was dominated by sulfate and organic material during periods of lowest light extinction. Combination of the extinction data and chemical mass balance analysis of sulfur oxides sources in the region indicate that the major anthropogenic contributors to light extinction were from the Los Angeles, CA, and Las Vegas, NV, urban areas. Mohave Power Project associated secondary sulfate was a negligible contributor to light extinction.     

二氧化钛颗粒制备及其对水中三价砷的去除

以硫酸氧钛和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料,通过冰水浴法制备了二氧化钛(TiO2)颗粒,并研究了其对砷的吸附性能。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对TiO2颗粒进行了表征,结果表明,吸附剂为锐钛矿结构,比表面积246 m2/g。TiO2颗粒对模拟地下水中砷(Ⅲ)的吸附动力学研究表明,吸附过程符合准二级动力学。采用Langmuir和Freundlich方程对吸附平衡数据进行了拟合,结果表明,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量为22.3 mg/g。TiO2颗粒对三价砷的吸附在pH为9.1时吸附量最大,吸附受CO23-影响较大。将110 g TiO2颗粒装备成过滤滤壶,对山西地下水(总砷含量190μg/L)进行了除砷实验,经过3 600柱体积后,滤液中砷浓度低于10μg/L,符合国家饮用水标准。     

油气长输管道工程生态保护工作要点

在具体分析油气长输管道工程生态保护重要性基础上,从项目前期、施工过程、施工结束后三个阶段介绍了生态保护工作要点。项目前期生态保护包括管道路由选线、项目(预)可研、专项评价、工程设计4个方面,施工期包括保障监管资源、实施合规管理等方面,施工结束后生态恢复包括戈壁、荒漠、沙漠、干旱区绿洲、黄土高原、土石山区、平原、冻土区等方面。