污水处理设备现状及国产现代化

本文介绍了国内外污水处理设备发展的现状，剖析了设备国产化存在的主要问题及所形成的原因，并就污水处理设备国产现代化问题提出了重要建议和措施。主要问题是：产需矛盾突出；品种结构落后、品种少、开发能力弱；技术水平低；创汇不稳定；相关企业效益偏低；设备成套和工程承包能力弱等。建议采取的重要措施包括：重点支持实力较强的工程承包公司和设备制造厂；给予企业技术改造贷款；加大科技攻关和技术开发力度；引进技术，加快发展；为国产设备提供专项信贷；调整利用外资的相关政策等。     

黔中喀斯特地区临近矿区耕地土壤重金属污染评价及其源解析

土壤健康状况是制定土壤可持续发展策略的基础.为阐明黔中喀斯特地区矿区周边耕地土壤重金属（Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr）的空间分布特征、污染现状及其来源,本研究按网格法采集378份耕地土壤样本,测定五项重金属含量,基于污染负荷指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属超标程度,运用地统计学分析重金属空间特征,应用正定矩阵因子分解法解析重金属来源.研究结果表明：Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr的平均含量分别为0.41、0.28、26.1、53.7和82.3 mg·kg^-1;污染程度从高到低为Hg>Pb>As>Cr>Cd,对耕地土壤潜在生态危害的影响程度从大到小为Hg>Cd>As>Pb>Cr,Hg是最主要的污染因子;在空间分布上,Hg的含量高值区呈面状分布,Cd、As、Pb和Cr含量高值区多呈点状分布,Cd、Hg和Pb受结构性因素和随机性因素共同影响,As和Cr主要受结构性因素影响;PMF定量解析出大气源贡献率为19.12%,自然源贡献率为18.81%,岩性源贡献率为31.46%,工业源贡献率为30.61%.大气沉降和工业活动是导致...     

Photodegradation of 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P) in coastal seawaters: Important role of DOM

Benzotriazole UV stabilizers (BT-UVs) have attracted concerns due to their ubiquitous occurrence in the aquatic environment, and their bioaccumulative and toxic properties. However, little is known about their aquatic environmental degradation behavior. In this study, photodegradation of a representative of BT-UVs, 2-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)benzotriazole (UV-P), was investigated under simulated sunlight irradiation. Results show that UV-P photodegrades slower under neutral conditions (neutral form) than under acidic or alkaline conditions (cationic and anionic forms). Indirect photodegradation is a dominant elimination pathway of UV-P in coastal seawaters. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from seawaters accelerate the photodegradation rates mainly through excited triplet DOM (³DOM^?), and the roles of singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are negligible in the matrixes. DOM from seawaters impacted by mariculture exhibits higher steady-state concentration of ³DOM^? ([³DOM^?]) relative to those from pristine seawaters, leading to higher photosensitizing effects on the photodegradation. Halide ions inhibit the DOM-sensitized photodegradation of UV-P by decreasing [³DOM^?]. Photodegradation half-lives of UV-P are estimated to range from 24.38 to 49.66?hr in field water bodies of the Yellow River estuary. These results are of importance for assessing environmental fate and risk UV-P in coastal water bodies.     

民事司法改革进程中环境纠纷行政处理问题探析

民事司法手段的局限性限制了司法手段在环境纠纷解决中的地位和作用。民事司法改革进程的深入发展和多元化纠纷解决机制的兴盛为环境纠纷的多元化解决途径带来了新的发展契机。环境纠纷行政处理的专业性、便捷性、可接近性决定了行政处理在环境纠纷解决中的独特作用和适用空间。在借鉴发达国家和地区环境纠纷行政处理的立法经验和灵活多样的纠纷解决途径的基础上,从环境纠纷行政处理专门立法、纠纷解决机构设置、纠纷解决方式、行政处理的纠纷范围、行政处理救济的程序保障等方面,提出完善我国环境纠纷行政处理制度的思考和建议。     

磺化酚醛树脂干燥工艺节能改造实践

文章对某助剂厂磺化酚醛树脂干燥工艺节能改造经验进行总结。比较了同行业类似干燥设备的优缺点,并进行工艺分析和技术论证,通过设备选型,采用了直燃热风炉等节能设备。结果表明:SMP干粉产能提高了1倍,单位产品耗电量和用煤量占原有生产线平均值的60%和48%。     

不同回流率下的循环流化床脱氮性能研究

一种新型的生物脱氮工艺——生物循环流化床(CFBBR)用于脱氮和除碳。系统由缺氧床(升流床)和好氧床(降流床)及其连接装置构成。进水由缺氧床底部进入,同来自好氧床的硝化液一起,在缺氧床内完成脱氮和除碳。研究了不同进水负荷,硝化液回流率200%~600%下的系统性能。从技术和经济角度考虑,400%硝化液回流率为最佳。最短水力停留时间2.5h(缺氧床0.8h,好氧床1.7h)和400%硝化液回流率下,TN和CODCr去除率和出水浓度分别为88%、95%和3.5mg/L、16mg/L。系统VSS低于1g/L,硝化率和反硝化率分别为0.026~0.1g/(g·d)和0.016~0.074g/(g·d)。     

Effect of filter-feeding fish silver carp on phytoplankton species and size distribution in surface water： A field study in water works

Silver carp were introduced into the pre-sedimentation pond to control excessive phytoplankton in raw water.The effectiveness of the filter-feeding silver carp on phytoplankton control and the effect of silver carp on phytoplankton community were investigated.The results showed that Microcystis could be effectively removed by silver carp stocked in the pre-sedimentation pond,and simultaneously,the concentration of single-cell phytoplankton increased obviously.The difference in phytoplankton species and singlecell phytoplankton size between in the water and in the gut of silver carp indicated that phytoplankton smaller than 5 μm,such as Chamydomonas and Platymonas,were almost not be filtered by silver carp,phytoplankton with the size between 5 and 20 μm could be partly filtered,and large size phytoplankton,mainly colony-forming Microcystis could be filtered almost completely.These filterfeeding characteristics directly caused the phytoplankton size distribution biased toward miniaturization.Therefore,this biological treatment using silver carp could be applied only to deal with groups of Microcystis-dominated eutrophic water,and was not appropriate in water bodies where single-cell micro phytoplankton were dominant.Especially when silver carp are used in water treatment,a cautious attitude should be taken based on the evaluation of phytoplankton biomass and species structure features in raw water.     

沟渠湿地对农业非点源污染物的净化能力研究

沟渠湿地可通过底泥截留吸附、植物吸收和微生物降解净化农田排水汇集的非点源污染物,芦苇(Phragmites communis) 和茭草(Zizania latifolia)是长江下游地区沟渠中自然生长的2种主要挺水植物,能有效吸收N、P营养成分,是湿地净化非点源污染物的主要机制.芦苇和茭草收割以后,每年可带走 463～515kg/hm²的N和127～149 kg/hm²的P,相当于当地2.3～3.2 hm²农田流失的氮肥、1.3～3.0 hm²农田流失的磷肥.茭草的吸收和分解能力明显高于芦苇.收割除带走植株体中的营养成分外,也改善了湿地光照和曝气条件,促进营养物质的分解转化,芦苇收割区底泥和水体中的有机质、TN、TP明显低于未收割区.因此,定期收割是保证自然湿地净化功能,减轻湖泊富营养化的有效措施.     

4-甲基喹啉的微生物降解研究

从处理油制气废水的活性污泥中分离得到一株可降解喹啉的菌Q10，经鉴定为睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas testosteroni)。该菌还可以降解4——甲基喹啉，本文着重研究了该菌在好氧条件下对4——甲基喹啉降解特性。实验结果表明，该菌在碱性条件下比在酸性条件下更有利于4——甲基喹啉的降解；温度为30℃时降解较快；振荡速度对降解没有明显影响；在适当的细菌浓度和底物浓度水平上，4——甲基喹啉具有较高的降解效率。实验也表明，菌Q10是一株喹啉衍生物广谱降解菌，具有重要的实用价值。     

复合人工湿地对城市受污染河水的净化效果

采用2种复合人工湿地系统处理昆明市城市河流污水,为期1年的运行结果表明:2种复合人工湿地系统对城市河流污水具有良好的污染物去除性能,TN、TP、COD和SS的月平均去除率分别达到50%、85%、85%和80%以上;2种复合人工湿地系统具有良好的耐冲击性,季节变化对出水水质不存在显著影响。其中,垂直上行流复合人工湿地系统性能更优于垂直上行流与水平流复合人工湿地系统;强降雨会对复合人工湿地出水水质造成一定的影响。