上海市典型污水处理厂污泥浸出液的化学和毒性评价

为了研究污水污泥在海洋环境中释放带来的生态风险,在分析上海7处典型污水处理厂污水污泥浸出液中重金属与溶解性有机碳的基础上,使用黑鲷,卤虫,三角褐指藻,纤细角毛藻和小球藻研究污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的急性毒性作用和生长抑制作用。化学分析结果表明,所有样点的污水污泥浸出液中重金属总量均低于中国(GB5085.3-2007)与欧盟(EN12457.2-2002)关于危险废弃物的鉴别标准,但溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量超过欧盟标准1个数量级。毒性实验结果表明,黑鲷幼鱼对污水污泥浸出液的敏感性最强,其次是海洋微藻,卤虫无节幼体的敏感性较低;毒性综合分析结果表明,S2和S3点的污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的综合生物毒性相对最高,而S4,S5的综合生物毒性最低,其中接纳污水为工业污水,且有机质与硫化物含量较低的污水污泥浸出液对海洋生物的综合生物毒性较低。     

土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险评价

为了研究土壤中铜的生物可给性与土壤理化性质之间的相互关系以及人体无意摄入土壤铜的风险,采集我国一些地区的15个土壤样品,利用in vitro方法研究了这些土壤中铜的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险。结果表明,有2个土壤样品中铜的含量高过我国土壤环境质量标准的三级标准,有8个土壤样品中铜的含量高过二级标准;土壤中铜的溶解态浓度及其生物可给性变化很大,胃肠阶段铜的溶解态含量分别为5.2~308.8 mg·kg~(-1)和5.9~348.5 mg·kg~(-1),平均值分别为74.8 mg·kg~(-1)和82.0 mg·kg~(-1);而铜的生物可给性分别为183%~66.6%和213%~77.4%,平均值分别为442%和51.1%。胃阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,而与粘粒呈显著负相关,与铁铝氧化物有显著相关性;小肠阶段铜的生物可给性与土壤有机质和pH呈显著正相关,与土壤中总铜和锰氧化物含量呈显著负相关。如以胃阶段为判断,无意摄人土壤中铜对儿童的TDI(tolerable daily intake)贡献率除浙江富阳为2.51%外,有12个土壤样品低于1.00%,最低为0.11%。如以小肠阶段为判断,无意摄入土壤中铜对儿童的TDI贡献率除浙江富阳和浙江台州的土壤分别为2.83%和2.01%,另有12个土壤样品低于1.00%。可见,对于本研究中大多数土壤,通过口部无意摄入土壤中铜的对人体并没有很高的风险。     

Simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride from water by AI-Fe （hydr）oxides

A1-Fe （hydr）oxides with different A1/Fe molar ratios （4：1, 1：1, 1：4, 0：1） were prepared using a co- precipitation method and were then employed for simultaneous removal of arsenate and fluoride. The 4A1 ： Fe was superior to other adsorbents for removal of arsenate and fluoride in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. The adsorption capacity of the A1-Fe （hydr）oxides for arsenate and fluoride at pH 6.50.3 increased with increasing A1 content in the adsorbents. The linear relationship between the amount of OH released from the adsorbent and the amount of arsenate or fluoride adsorbent by 4A1 ： Fe indicated that the adsorption of arsenate and fluoride by A1- Fe （hydr）oxides was realized primarily through quantita- tive ligand exchange. Moreover, there was a very good correlation between the surface hydroxyl group densities of A1-Fe （hydr）oxides and their adsorption capacities for arsenate or fluoride. The highest adsorption capacity for arsenate and fluoride by 4A1 ： Fe is mainly ascribed to its highest surface hydroxyl group density besides its largest pHpzc. The dosage of adsorbent necessary to remove arsenate and fluoride to meet the drinking water standard was mainly determined by the presence of fluoride since fluoride was generally present in groundwater at much higher concentration than arsenate.     

加强国土规划建设与城市防灾的协同性分析

我国经济持续发展主要体现之一就是大规模的基础工程、道路交通和城市建设。近年来,各种灾害频繁发生,造成了巨大的人身和财产损失,也给"国土规划建设"和"城市防灾规划"工作提出了更迫切更严峻的挑战。我国拥有广大面积的洪泛区[2],洪灾是制约我国社会和经济可持续发展的重要因素;我国又是淡水资源极度缺乏的国家,雨水是淡水,应变灾害为资源。调整区域土地的使用性质和格局,国土规划建设是今后一个时期内科学发展、可持续发展的基础,做好国土规划建设刻不容缓。把国土规划建设结合其它城市灾害提出具体的措施,整体提高我国城市防灾规划水平,以达到节约投入,节省时间,根治水患、长期受益的目的。     

汶川8.0级地震灾区恢复重建中科学选址的防灾思路探讨

汶川8.0级地震灾区恢复重建的防灾形势严峻,灾后恢复重建的防灾关键就是选址问题。在重建前要充分评估灾害孕育的地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造等环境条件,有效避让破坏性的崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、堰塞湖等次生山地灾害,同时对不可避让灾害采取适当的预防和治理措施。防灾从重建前的选址开始,科学选址,有效防灾,是选址防灾的总体思路。     

Varying water column stability controls the denitrification process in a subtropical reservoir, Southwest China

Reservoirs are regarded as hotspots of nitrogen transformation and potential sources of nitrous oxide（N₂O）. However, it remains unclear how the hydrological conditions due to dam construction control the processes of nitrogen transformation in reservoir waters. To address this issue, we examined the spatial-temporal characteristics of nitrate concentrations, δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-, δ¹⁸O-H₂O, relative...     

β-萘磺酸钠生产废水的处理

先采用液膜分离技术对β-萘磺酸钠生产废水进行处理,回收其中的β-萘磺酸钠,然后用H2O2-Fe2+催化氧化法进行深度处理,取得很好的效果。废水COD和色度去除率分别可达99.54％和94.14％,处理后的废水达到排放标准     

有毒难降解有机物高级氧化电催化电极

在电催化电极的作用下 ,电化学反应和化学催化作用结合 ,导致有机分子的电催化降解。在分析中 ,综述了电催化高级氧化电极研究现状 ,阐述与评价了过渡金属涂层电极、金属氧化物涂层电极、含掺杂半导体涂层电极、金刚石膜电极、三维电极等几个主要方面的研究成果 ,并对今后工作的重点提出了一些意见。     

NiB2O4 (B = Mn or Co) catalysts for NH3-SCR of NOx at low-temperature in microwave field

● Microwave-assisted catalytic NH₃-SCR reaction over spinel oxides is carried out. ● SCR reaction temperature is tremendously lowered in microwave field. ● NO conversion of NiMn₂O₄ is highly up to 90.6% at 70°C under microwave heating. Microwave-assisted selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides (NO_x) was investigated over Ni-based metal oxides. The NiMn₂O₄ and NiCo₂O₄ catalysts were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and their activities were evaluated as potential candidate catalysts for low-temperature NH₃-SCR in a microwave field. The physicochemical properties and structures of the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), N₂-physisorption, NO adsorption-desorption in the microwave field, H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and NH₃-temperature programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD). The results verified that microwave radiation reduced the reaction temperature required for NH₃-SCR compared to conventional heating, which needed less energy. For the NiMn₂O₄ catalyst, the catalytic efficiency exceeded 90% at 70 °C and reached 96.8% at 110 °C in the microwave field. Meanwhile, the NiMn₂O₄ also exhibited excellent low-temperature NH₃-SCR reaction performance under conventional heating conditions, which is due to the high BET specific surface area, more suitable redox property, good NO adsorption-desorption in the microwave field and rich acidic sites.     

腐殖酸钠在湿法石灰石烟气脱硫系统中阻垢性能的研究

介绍了腐殖酸钠(HAS)的阻垢机理,研究了HAS在石灰石湿法烟气脱硫系统中的阻垢效应,同时在相同的条件下与己二酸的阻垢效果作了对比实验.结果表明,HAS对pH在5.5～6.5、质量分数为3.5%的石灰石脱硫浆液有很好的缓冲作用;并在此浓度的脱硫浆液中,质量浓度为1.5g/L的HAS的阻垢效果达到最佳.石灰石浆液中挂片上的结垢量对比实验得出,添加最佳浓度己二酸时的结垢量,只比添加最佳浓度HAS时的结垢量平均少1.8×10-4g/cm2.