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821.
K. Bruce Jones Anne C. Neale Maliha S. Nash Kurt H. Riitters James D. Wickham Robert V. O'Neill Rick D. van Remortel 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,63(1):159-174
Using a new set of landscape indicator data generated by the U.S.EPA, and a comprehensive breeding bird database from the National Breeding Bird Survey, we evaluated associations between breeding bird richness and landscape characteristics across the entire mid-Atlantic region of the United States. We evaluated how these relationships varied among different groupings (guilds) of birds based on functional, structural, and compositional aspects of individual species demographics. Forest edge was by far the most important landscape attribute affecting the richness of the lumped specialist and generalist guilds; specialist species richness was negatively associated with forest edge and generalist richness was positively associated with forest edge. Landscape variables (indicators) explained a greater proportion of specialist species richness than the generalist guild (46% and 31%, respectively). The lower value in generalists may reflect finer-scale distributions of open habitat that go undetected by the Landsat satellite, open habitats created by roads (the areas from which breeding bird data are obtained), and the lumping of a wide variety of species into the generalist category. A further breakdown of species into 16 guilds showed considerable variation in the response of breeding birds to landscape conditions; forest obligate species had the strongest association with landscape indicators measured in this study (55% of the total variation explained) and forest generalists and open ground nesters the lowest (17% of the total variation explained). The variable response of guild species richness to landscape pattern suggests that one must consider species' demographics when assessing the consequences of landscape change on breeding birds. 相似文献
822.
823.
Klopchin JL Stewart JR Webster LF Sandifer PA 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):301-313
Morgan Island, located within the ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve in South Carolina, is home to the only free-ranging
colony of rhesus monkeys (Macca mulatta) in the continental United States. The purpose of this study was to assess environmental impacts of the monkey colony on
water quality in adjacent tidal creeks and on island vegetation. Three tidal creeks were sampled: Morgan Creek, adjacent to
the monkey colony; Back Creek, on Morgan Island not adjacent to the colony; and Rock Creek, on a nearby island unoccupied
by monkeys. Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and fecal coliform bacteria were measured six times at
three sites in each of these creeks, and vegetation change analysis was conducted in a geographic information system using
satellite imagery. Results showed elevated fecal coliform concentrations in the Morgan Creek site immediately adjacent to
the colony, though no samples exceeded the standard set for recreational water use. Ribotyping reconnaissance matched four
Escherichia coli isolates from Morgan and Back Creeks to the monkeys, identifying the colony as one source of fecal coliform bacteria, though
relative source loadings could not be quantified. Significant differences were not observed between ammonia or orthophosphate
levels in Morgan Creek relative to the other creeks tested; and vegetation change analysis showed a 35% increase in canopy
cover between 1979 and 1999. Overall, these results suggest that the rhesus colony’s environmental impacts are localized and
minimal. Results from this study provide baseline data on Morgan Island and may be useful in management decisions regarding
the future of the monkey colony. 相似文献
824.
Adomako D Nyarko BJ Dampare SB Serfor-Armah Y Osae S Fianko JR Akaho EH 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,141(1-3):165-175
Waters and sediments of Subin River, which flows through the industrial and commercial areas of Kumasi in the Ashanti region
of Ghana, were geochemically investigated to ascertain heavy metal pollution levels due to anthropogenic activities. The study
shows preoccupying pollution levels that constitute a threat to public and ecological systems. The waters of Subin River are
neutral to slightly basic, inferred from pH values of 6.89–7.65). Electric conductivity (EC) of the waters ranges from 822
to 1,821 μs/cm and the range of total dissolved solids (TDS) is from 409 to 913 mg/l. Toxic elements contents of sediments
and waters from 10 sites along the river were analysed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and Al, As, Cd,
Cr, Cu and Zn were determined. The concentrations of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn in the waters range between 4.02–15.18, 0.007–0.16,
0.002–0.05, 0.001–0.019, 1.32–7.04 and 4.28–10.2 mg/l, respectively. The contamination factors (CF) computed for the elements
indicate that with the exception of sampling site S10, the sediments are polluted with Cd. Chromium contamination in the sediments
is observed at S6 and S7, where the CF values were 1.39 and 1.52, respectively. The pollution load indices (PLI) were low
(<1) and ranged from 0.14 to 0.75, suggesting that the overall sediment column of the river is not polluted. 相似文献
825.
Affum HA Oduro-Afriyie K Nartey VK Adomako D Nyarko BJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,137(1-3):15-24
Lichens collected in an unpolluted forest (background) in November 2004, transplanted at 41 sampling sites along the Madina-Tetteh
Quarshie road, retrieved in February 2005 and analysed were found to contain higher concentrations of Manganese (Mn), Vanadium
(V), lead, Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr) and Nickel (Ni) than in the background area. Observations showed that of all the heavy
metals studied, Manganese concentrations were highest at all sampling points with maximum values around a traffic light, an
intersection and car fitting/mechanic workshops. Significant correlations were found between Ni and Mn, Mn and Cr and Mn and
V. Statistical analysis also revealed a relatively even dispersion of the studied elements on the eastern side of the road
than on the western side. 相似文献
826.
The long-term water quality monitoring program implemented by the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority in 1992 is extensive
and has provide substantial understanding of the seasonality of the waters in both Boston Harbor and Massachusetts Bay and
the response to improvements in effluent quality and offshore transfer of the effluent in September 2000. The monitoring program
was designed with limited knowledge of spatial and temporal variability and long-term trends within the system. This led to
an extensive spatial and temporal sampling program. The data through 2003 showed high correlation within physical parameters
measured (e.g., salinity, dissolved oxygen) and in biological measures such as chlorophyll fluorescence. To address the potential
sampling redundancies in the measurement program, an assessment of the impact of reduced levels of monitoring on the ability
to make water quality decisions was completed. The optimization was conducted by applying statistical models that took into
account whether there was evidence of a seasonal pattern in the data. The optimization used model survey average readings
to identify temporal fixed effects, model survey-average-corrected individual station readings to identify spatial fixed effects,
corrected the individual station readings for temporal and spatial fixed effects and derived a correlation model for the corrected
data, and applied the correlation model to characterize the correlation of annual average readings from reduced monitoring
programs with true parameter levels. Reductions in the number of sampling stations were found less detrimental to the quality
of the data for annual decision-making than reductions in the number of surveys per year, although there is less of a difference
in this regard for dissolved oxygen than there is for chlorophyll. The analysis led to recommendations for a substantially
lower monitoring effort with minimal loss of information. The recommendation supported an annual budget savings of approximately
$183,000. Most of the savings was from fewer surveys as approximately $21,000 came from the reduction in the number of stations
monitored from 21 to 7 and associated laboratory analytical costs. 相似文献
827.
Kalbande DM Dhadse SN Chaudhari PR Wate SR 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,138(1-3):233-238
Abstract Industrial development and consumption of petroleum products leads to increase air pollution levels especially in
urban and industrial areas. Heavy metal components associated with air pollutants have far reaching effects with respect to
economic and ecological importance of pollens. The pollens are male reproductive organs of the plant and travel through air
from flower to flower for pollination purpose. During this period they are exposed to air pollutants. Present investigation
thus pertains to study of effect of air pollutants on pollens especially biosorption and bioaccumulation of heavy metals.
The pollens of three commonly occurring plants namely Cassia siamea, Cyperus rotundus, Kigelia pinnata have been studied from the NH-6 of Nagpur city, India. The pollens exposed to polluted air showed the presence of higher
concentrations of Ca, Al and Fe as compared to unexposed pollens. Higher concentration of these metals was observed in Cyperus rotundus followed by Cassia siamea and Kigelia pinnata. These results indicate that pollens act as good indicator of air pollution giving results in short time of exposure of 5–10 h.
Apart from this, it is also reported that some of these metals play crucial role in the metabolic activity in pollens for
example Calcium is necessary for growth of pollen tube and other metabolic activities in pollens. The presence of these metals
in pollens may also enhance the allergenicity of the pollens. Similarly accumulation of heavy metals may also deteriorate
the quality of pollen for their economical use. The viability of pollen is also affected by these pollutants in sensitive
species leading to impairment of their fertility. 相似文献
828.
Vanerkar AP Kulkarni NP Zade PD Kamavisdar AS 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,143(1-3):239-245
As mining operations get mechanized, the rate of profit generation increases and so do the rate of occupational hazards. This study deals with one such hazard - occupational vibration. The present study was carried out to determine the whole body vibration (WBV) exposure of the heavy earth moving machinery (HEMM) operators in two types of metalliferous mines in India, when they were engaged in the mining activity. Cross-comparison was done of the vibration dose value (VDV) for HEMM operators as well as each type of mine. The VDV for the shovel operator in bauxite mine was observed to be 13.53 +/- 5.63 m/s(7/4) with 25% of the readings higher than the prescribed limit whereas in iron ore mine VDV for dumper operator was 10.81 +/- 3.44 m/s(7/4) with 14.62% readings on the higher side. Cross-comparison of the VDV values for bauxite and iron ore mines revealed that it was 9.57 +/- 4.93 and 8.21 +/- 5.12 m/s(7/4) with 21.28 and 14.95% of the readings on the higher side respectively. The Student's t test level was found to be insignificant for both type of mines, indicating that the WBV exposure is not dependent on the type of mine but is dependent on the working condition and type of HEMM in operation. 相似文献
829.
Golobocanin D Zujić A Milenković A Miljević N 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2008,142(1-3):185-198
Bulk samples collected on a daily basis at three principal meteorological stations in central Serbia were analyzed on chloride (Cl(-)), nitrate [Formula: see text], sulfate [Formula: see text], sodium (Na(+)), ammonium [Formula: see text], potassium (K(+)), calcium (Ca(2+)), and magnesium (Mg(2+)) in addition to precipitation amount, pH and conductivity measurements over the period 1998-2004. The data were subjected to variety of analyses (linear regression, principal component analysis, time series analysis) to characterize precipitation chemistry in the study area. The most abundant ion was [Formula: see text] with annual volume weighted mean concentration of 242 microeq L(-1). Neutralization of precipitation acidity occurs both as a result of the dissolution of alkaline compounds containing Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and K(+) as well as the absorption of ammonia. The ratio of [Formula: see text] was above 5, which indicated that the combustion process of low-grade domestic lignite for electricity generation from coal-fired thermal power plants was the main source of pollution in the investigated area. A considerable mean annual bulk wet deposition of SO(4)-S determined by precipitation amount and concentrations of sulfate in the precipitation was calculated to be 12-35 kg ha(-1). 相似文献
830.
The degree at which tropical forests are exposed to human pressure is spatially dependent. Population density, proximity to
roads, terrain slope, logging activities and land distribution projects are well known factors inducing deforestation and
forest degradation in Latin America. Using expert knowledge to weight these threat factors and a Geographical Information
System for spatial modeling, a multi-criteria analysis procedure is presented, that allows stratifying a study region in categories
of deforestation threat. The procedure was implemented in the Central Volcanic Mountain Range Conservation Area (CVMRCA) in
Costa Rica with the purpose of finding areas with a combination of physical and socioeconomic characteristics that is particularly
predisposing to a high probability of deforestation. To validate the map, the CVMRCA was stratified in categories of deforestation
risk, and the result was superposed to historical deforestation data of the period 1986–1996. The good correlation between
risk category and historical deforestation (r = 0.91, p < 0.001) indicates that the map can be used as a decision support tool for defining priority areas for conservation action. 相似文献