Scale-dependence of land use effects on water quality of streams in agricultural catchments

The influence of land use on water quality in streams is scale-dependent and varies in time and space. In this study, land cover patterns and stocking rates were used as measures of agricultural development in two pasture and one native grassland catchment in New Zealand and were related to water quality in streams of various orders. The amount of pasture per subcatchment correlated well to total nitrogen and nitrate in one catchment and turbidity and total phosphorous in the other catchment. Stocking rates were only correlated to total phosphorous in one pasture catchment but showed stronger correlations to ammonium, total phosphorous and total nitrogen in the other pasture catchment. Winter and spring floods were significant sources of nutrients and faecal coliforms from one of the pasture catchments into a wetland complex. Nutrient and faecal coliform concentrations were better predicted by pastural land cover in fourth-order than in second-order streams. This suggests that upstream land use is more influential in larger streams, while local land use and other factors may be more important in smaller streams. These temporal and spatial scale effects indicate that water-monitoring schemes need to be scale-sensitive.     

家装对室内空气的影响及防治对策

随着经济的发展，室内装修已经成为人们改善生活条件，提高生活质量的一种时尚。室内环境在满足使用功能的同时，对人体健康是否有利，是否满足环保要求，已成为公众普遍关注的热点。本文阐述了室内主要污染物的来源及对人体健康的危害，并提出了减少室内装修污染的对策。     

Environmental portfolio analysis: An integrated strategic approach to environmental management

As businesses strive to reduce costs and become more competitive, environmental costs and potential future liability issues continue to raise overhead expenses. The decision process is further challenged by the various interpretations of existing laws and the uncertainty of future applicable regulations and their interpretation. To make more informed business decisions and bridge the gap between the environmental and business perspective, organizations need to be able to see the overall environmental picture and how it affects the current and future business operation. This article presents a systematic approach to developing an organization's integrated baseline “environmental portfolio” with various business risk levels and expected costs. Utilizing computer simulation, sensitivity iterations are performed to show the results of different scenarios. These scenarios can include various probabilities of cost levels, permitting strategies, and litigation, as well as the success of new technologies. Management can then focus attention on the main driving factors and avoid spending too much attention on lesser items. An additional benefit to this process is that communication between the various segments of an organization are enhanced since their perspectives are clearly articulated as part of the analysis. Sensitivity analysis also provides the framework for a sanity check of the process and results. Are projected levels of success reasonable? What levels would be required to change the decision, and how likely are they to occur? What level of overall business risk associated with environmental issues is prudent? In addition this article shows how computer modeling and simulation can bring a valuable perspective to the decision-making process.     

我国原生汞生产行业典型企业Hg的污染排放特征

为了解目前国内仍在运行生产的原生汞生产企业各排污节点气态Hg排放现状以及对周围环境介质的影响,选择一家典型企业进行了现场监测研究. 结果表明:在研究企业汞矿坑口、中转漏斗、破碎、浮选、脱水等工艺节点的车间空气中ρ(气态Hg)较低,在(3.00±0.23)~(20.3±7.7)ng/m3之间;而在全尾砂充填、冶炼和冷凝等工艺节点的车间空气中ρ(气态Hg)相对较高,为(754±67)~(907±79)ng/m3. 冶炼废气中ρ(气态Hg)平均值为(295±32)μg/m3,ρ(颗粒态Hg)平均值为(65.9±3.8)μg/m3;燃煤锅炉废气中ρ(气态Hg)平均值为(123±40)μg/m3,未达到GB 30770—2014《锡、锑、汞工业污染物排放标准》限值(15 μg/m3)或GB 13271—2014《锅炉大气污染物排放标准》限值(50 μg/m3)的要求,其ρ(颗粒态Hg)平均值为(14.1±3.5)μg/m3,ρ(气态Hg)∶ρ(颗粒态Hg)约为7∶1. 研究企业2012年气态Hg排放总量为18.9 kg,释Hg因子为0.004 8%. 研究企业矿区内土壤w(总Hg)为6.44~444 mg/kg,平均值为(140±133)mg/kg;矿区外为1.96~104 mg/kg,平均值为(24.4±26.2)mg/kg. 地累积指数法评价结果表明,土壤受Hg污染影响程度为矿区内>矿区外东南和东北方向>矿区外西南和西北方向. 研究显示,我国汞矿开采、冶炼排放对厂界及周边土壤造成了明显影响,并且污染仍在持续,不容忽视.      

大型煤化工项目基建期环境保护管理的探讨

多伦煤基烯烃项目是内蒙古大型煤化工建设项目之一,随着该地区煤化工建设项目的日益增多,针对项目建设所带来的生态影响,如何做好项目基建期环境保护管理工作显得越来越重要,这对项目投产运行所产生的环境效益和社会效益起着举足轻重的作用.因此,基建期环境保护管理工作不容忽视.     

用GM(1,1)模型欧拉算法预测城市建筑工程钻探噪声

研究了工程地质钻探中钻进不同地层时所产生噪声及随距离衰减状况,建立了工程地质钻探噪声随距离衰减的灰色系统预测模型,并用改进欧拉算法进行求解.监测数据及预测结果表明,对不同的地层结构,工程地质钻探所产生的噪声有较大的不同,且随距离的衰减也不同.采用改进的欧拉算法求解灰色系统模型简单快捷,预测结果与实测值基本符合.     

LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3型钙钛矿活化过一硫酸盐降解AO7

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备LaCo_1-xM_xO₃（M=Cu、Fe、Mn）型钙钛矿并用来活化过一硫酸盐（PMS）降解偶氮染料AO7.选取效果最好的LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃型钙钛矿为研究对象,考察了钙钛矿投加量、PMS浓度、pH和染料废水中常见Cl^-对LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃/PMS体系降解AO7的影响,分析了体系的反应过程并考察了矿化能力.结果表明,LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃可以有效活化PMS降解AO7,反应随着材料投加量和PMS浓度的增加而加快.在中性条件下反应速度最快,过酸过碱均会抑制反应的进行.在优化条件为LaCo_0.5Cu_0.5O₃投加量20mg/L、PMS浓度0.50mmol/L、AO7浓度0.05mmol/L时,AO7可在20min内完全降解.该反应主要发生在材料表面并且主要活性物种为·OH,对AO7具有优异的脱色能力和较好的矿化效果.     

饮马河流域水环境综合风险时空分布

为评价饮马河流域水环境综合风险,从水环境风险的危险性、暴露性、脆弱性及区域治理能力4个方面构建了饮马河流域水环境综合风险评估体系.选取2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的水环境数据进行分析,采用水环境污染风险指数法和层次分析法对饮马河流域水环境综合风险进行评估,并绘制了各年度饮马河流域的风险空间分布图,分析了饮马河流域水环境风险空间变化特征.结果表明:2000—2015年,各危险性指标的量化值不断减小;暴露性指标中,耕地面积不断扩大,工业企业个数不断增加,人口密度变化不明显;各脆弱性指标的量化值不断减小;水环境区域治理能力各指标的量化值不断增大.研究显示,2000—2015年,流域内水环境危险性和脆弱性不断降低,暴露性和区域治理能力逐渐升高,水环境风险逐渐降低;其中,长春市一直处于水环境高风险水平,伊通县一直处于低风险水平.      

“中心城-郊区-卫星城”梯度带绿地土壤重金属的空间分布特征

城市化导致城市面积扩张和土地利用方式改变,从而影响了土壤重金属空间分布.本文以成都-温江这一典型"中心城-郊区-卫星城"梯度带为研究区,探讨绿地表层土壤重金属Cu、Pb和Zn的空间分布特征及其影响因素,以期为城市土壤重金属污染治理提供帮助.结果表明,研究区内土壤Cu、Pb和Zn含量均值分别为47.77、39.98和89.65 mg·kg~(-1),其中土壤Cu和Pb含量均值超过土壤背景值.3种重金属含量在"中心城-郊区-卫星城"梯度带呈现先降低后增加的趋势.方差分析表明,区内不同绿地类型土壤Cu和Zn含量差异显著(p0.05),Pb含量在各个绿地类型下无显著性差异(p0.05);回归分析显示3种重金属含量随距城市中心距离增加而极显著降低(p0.01);缓冲区分析表明,土壤Cu、Pb和Zn含量受局部范围内的建筑密度和道路密度影响,且随局部范围内建筑密度和道路密度的增加而显著增加(p0.05).逐步回归分析显示,土壤Cu含量主要受建筑密度影响,Pb含量主要受道路密度和绿地类型影响,Zn含量则受绿地类型、道路密度和建筑密度的共同影响.研究结果显示城市化造成土壤重金属在一定程度上累积,距城市中心距离、绿地类型、建筑密度和道路密度均会影响土壤重金属的空间分布.