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91.
G. W. Uetz William J. McClintock Douglas Miller Elizabeth I. Smith Kristina K. Cook 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》1996,38(4):253-257
Males of the brush-legged wolf spider Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) have conspicuously decorated forelegs used in courtship and agonistic displays. Approximately one in five juvenile
males has a missing or regenerating foreleg, and regeneration of a leg lost during development usually results in the absence
of a decorative tuft on that leg. The subsequent asymmetry in this male secondary character significantly decreases success
in both courtship of females and male-male agonistic interactions. Experimental removal of tufts from one leg of previously
successful symmetric males produces similar results. As a test for concomitant behavioral effects, female spiders were shown
video images of a courting male with symmetric tufts and the same video image altered to have asymmetric tufts. Female receptivity
to the asymmetric video image was lower. In contrast to fluctuating asymmetry resulting from developmental instability, leg
tuft asymmetry in S. ocreata most likely arises from a single event during ontogeny – possibly leg loss from an aggressive or predator encounter – and
may serve as a quality indicator in female mate choice.
Received: 27 July 1995/ Accepted after revision: 19 November 1995 相似文献
92.
93.
94.
A Konoplev S Kaminski E Klemt I Konopleva R Miller G Zibold 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2002,58(1):1-11
The methodology for estimating radiocaesium distribution between solid and liquid phases in lakes is applied for three prealpine lakes: Lake Constance (Germany), Lake Lugano (Switzerland) and Lake Vorsee (Germany). It is based on use of the exchangeable distribution coefficient and application of the exchangeable radiocaesium interception potential (RIPex). The methodology was tested against experimental data. Good agreement was found between estimated and measured 137Cs concentrations in Lake Constance and Lake Lugano, whereas for Lake Vorsee a discrepancy was found. Bottom sediments in Lake Vorsee are composed mainly of organic material and probably cannot be described in terms of the specific sorption characteristics attributed to illitic clay minerals. 相似文献
95.
96.
The morphologically variable reef coral previously known as Montastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander, 1786) has recently been separated into three species based on differences in morphology, behavior, allele
frequencies and some life-history traits of Panamanian specimens. To further investigate the proposed reclassification and
its conformity to the biological species concept we conducted reciprocal intra- and inter- specific fertilization experiments
with gametes from each of the three species on Florida reefs. With one exception, self-fertilization rates were very low or
zero. Within-species crosses resulted in production of planulae, as did all inter-species (hybrid) crosses, but there was
much variation in fertilization success within each type of cross. In an experiment with separated gametes, hybrid crosses
between M. annularis and M. franksi produced more larvae than within-species crosses for each species. Hybridization crosses between M. faveolata and the other two species produced fewer larvae than did within- M. faveolata crosses in the experiment with separated gametes, but many larvae resulted when the hybridizations were performed by mixing
entire gamete bundles. Additional observations showed that M. franksi had 20% larger eggs and fewer eggs per gamete bundle than did the other two species and that it consistently spawned 1 to
1.5 h before the others, a potential temporal barrier to hybridization. These results indicate that there is no inherent pre-zygotic
barrier to cross-fertilization among the three morphological species, although post-zygotic survival and fertility remain
to be determined. The adherence of the proposed reclassification to the biological species concept requires further examination.
Received: 16 April 1997 / Accepted: 17 June 1997 相似文献
97.
T.?WernbergEmail author M.?Coleman A.?Fairhead S.?Miller M.?Thomsen 《Marine Biology》2003,143(1):47-55
Ecklonia radiata (C. Ag.) J. Agardh is a common macroalga on reefs in the warm-temperate parts of the southern hemisphere. It is a dominant habitat-former and as such has a strong structuring effect on associated algal assemblages. Morphological variation in E. radiata potentially affects its interactions with the surroundings and contributes to confusion about its taxonomy. We quantified the magnitude of morphological variation in fully developed E. radiata sporophytes across Australasia and tested the hypotheses that E. radiata has different morphology at different locations and that the degree of morphological difference depends on spatial distances among locations. A total of 11 morphological characters were sampled from 11 locations along the Australian coastline from Kalbarri in Western Australia to Sydney in New South Wales as well as from Doubtful Sound, New Zealand. Most morphological characters varied considerably from one location to another. For example, the average (±SE) thallus length was 135.2±12.5 cm in Kalbarri and only 69.7±5.5 cm in Sydney. There were no consistent spatial patterns of variation among individual morphological characters, and, generally, variations among individual characters were poorly correlated (-0.5< R<0.5). This suggests that individual morphological characters develop independently of each other in response to processes operating at different spatial scales. Multivariate measures of morphology were found to be different among some locations and similar among others (-0.37=Clarke's R=1), but there was no correlation (Spearman's R=0.08) between morphological similarity and distance between locations. Consequently, our results do not support clinal variation in E. radiata morphology. Rather, they suggest the presence of discrete morphologically different populations, in which the morphology at any one location reflects multiple forcing factors operating on different morphological characters at different spatial scales. 相似文献
98.
During the spring and summer of 1979, 48 species of geofungi and several sterile, unidentified fungi were isolated from two off-shore stations on the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Isolations were made from subsurface water and surface slicks on 6 agar media including one containing hexadecane, and from subsurface water baited with hemp seeds. Numbers of fungi were 10 to 100 times higher than those reported for other offshore stations and similar to those reported for a saltmarsh outflow. Species isolated during a high freshwater flow largely corresponded to a typical soil flora. Species isolated during a reduced freshwater flow were either marine in character or noted for association with area littoral seaweeds. Three fungi (Cladosporium cladosporioides, Trichoderma viride, and Gliocladium rosium) were tested for growth on media of increasing salinity. Growth was measured by dry weight production, pH drop and glucose used in liquid culture. C. cladosporioides showed responses typical of a marine fungus, T. viride of a terrestrial fungus and G. roseum was intermediate. The results are discussed in relation to the role of geofungi in the sea. 相似文献
99.
100.
A.?KotakeEmail author T.?Arai T.?Ozawa S.?Nojima M.?J.?Miller K.?Tsukamoto 《Marine Biology》2003,143(2):413-413