破碎带宽度对断层活化及煤柱留设的影响研究

为研究不同宽度的断层破碎带对防水煤柱留设的影响,通过对断层活化进行力学分析,得出断层活化的必要条件是断层带内岩石的黏结系数小于等于临界值Cmax,且断层带所受法向应力与剪切应力是影响该临界值的主要因素。利用数值模拟软件,建立不同破碎带宽度的数值模型,对断层活化及煤柱留设进行模拟。结果表明:当工作面距断层60 m内时,由于黏结系数临界值Cmax的迅速减小,断层活化危险性显著提高,且断层破碎带宽度越大,断层越容易发生活化;通过分析采场塑性区分布图,得出煤柱临界尺寸随破碎带宽度的增加而呈线性增长的规律。研究结果对断层合理留设煤柱具有重要的参考价值。     

贫营养条件下IAMBR污泥微生物群落结构的演变

采用PCR-DGGE技术并结合系统处理效果研究了贫营养条件下IAMBR污泥微生物群落结构,结果表明:IAMBR污泥中总细菌多样性特征、相似性特征和种群归属特征具有高度的协同性.运行前18天,氨氮去除率由95%降至73%后增加至82%,同时SVI值由123.7mL/g升至135.2mL/g再降至128.4mL/g.微生物群落在试验末期演替剧烈,总细菌相似性指数下降到63.6%,SVI值最终升至132.5mL/g.通过克隆测序分析,IAMBR系统中微生物菌种大部分为未培养菌种,其中亚硝化螺菌属占据优势地位,说明贫营养环境对IAMBR微生物群落产生不良影响,污泥微生物功能性指向明显,即硝化功能菌占据优势地位.     

矿物演化行为对垃圾焚烧飞灰熔融特性的影响

以焚烧飞灰为主要原料,采用灰熔点测试、差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜等方法,研究了掺加SiO₂(以w计)对焚烧飞灰熔融特性的影响,并利用CASTEP模块模拟计算生成矿物的反应活性. 结果表明,当w(SiO₂)为29.14%时,焚烧飞灰流动温度为1 355 ℃,比原灰降低了近200 ℃,熔融特征温度随w(SiO₂)增加而上升. 将焚烧飞灰熔融并热处理后得到微晶玻璃,其矿物质组成为硅灰石、假硅灰石、钙铝黄长石、钙铁榴石、硬石膏和三型钾霞石等. 分子模拟计算结果表明,假硅灰石、钙铝黄长石和钙铁榴石形成能高,属耐熔矿物,而硅灰石、硬石膏和三型钾霞石等助熔矿物的低共熔会导致灰熔融温度降低. SiO₂/CaO(质量比,下同)<1时,过量的Ca2+易与活性氧发生集聚反应,形成热稳定性好的假硅灰石;SiO₂/CaO接近于1时,生成以硅灰石为主晶相的助熔矿物,硅灰石形成能为-41.67 eV,低于其他矿物,并且晶体氧原子中活性氧比例达到77.78%;当SiO₂/CaO>1时,大量无定形SiO₂及方石英(非活性氧)的存在致使灰熔融温度升高. 硅酸盐矿物熔体中非活性氧(Si—O—Si)和活性氧(Si—O,自由氧)占氧原子比例的变化是焚烧飞灰熔融特性改变的内因.      

Applying chemical sedimentation process in drinking water treatment plant to address the emergent arsenic spills in water sources

Arsenic (As) spills occurred more frequently and sometimes polluted water sources in recent years in China. It is as urgent need to develop emergency treatment technologies to address the arsenic threat for large-scale water treatment plants. In response, we developed a chemical sedimentation technology to remove arsenic contaminants for water treatment plants. Bench-scale experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of arsenic removal and the influencing factors of the chemical sedimentation treatment process. The influencing factors included the choice and dosage of coagulants, the valence of arsenic and pH value of solution. The As(V) contaminants can be almost completely removed by ferric or alum coagulants. The As(III) contaminants are more recalcitrant to chemical sedimentation, 75% for ferric coagulant and 40% for alum coagulant. The quantitative results of arsenic removal load by different ferric or alum coagulants were presented to help determine the parameters for arsenic treatment technology. The dominant mechanism for arsenic removal is static combination, or adsorption of negative arsenic species onto positive ferric hydroxide or alum hydroxide flocs. The efficiency of this treatment technology has also been demonstrated by a real production test in one water treatment plant with arsenic-rich source water and one emergency response. This technology was verified to be quick to set-up, easy to operate and highly efficient even for high concentration of arsenic.     

The influence of chlorinated aromatics' structure on their adsorption characteristics on activated carbon to tackle chemical spills in drinking water source

This study focused on evaluating the efficiency of powdered activated carbon (PAC) adsorption process and tackling chlorobenzenes and chlorophenols spill in drinking water source. The adsorption kinetics and PAC’s capacities for five chlorobenzenes and three chlorophenols at drinking water contamination levels were studied in order to determine the influence of different functional groups on the adsorption behavior. The results showed that PAC adsorption could be used as an effective emergency drinking water treatment process to remove these compounds. The adsorption kinetics took 30 min to achieve nearly equilibrium and could be described by both pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models. A mathematic relationship was developed between the pseudo first-order adsorption rate constant, k₁, and the solutes’ properties including lgK_ow, polarizability and molecular weight. The Freundlich isotherm equation could well describe the adsorption equilibrium behaviors of chlorinated aromatics with r² from 0.920 to 0.999. The H-bond donor/acceptor group, hydrophobicity, solubility and molecular volume were identified as important solute properties that affect the PAC adsorption capacity. These results could assist water professionals in removing chlorinated aromatics during emergency drinking water treatment.     

中国春季北方大气气溶胶浓度特征

采用2008年和2009年春季10个气溶胶观测站资料,分析了我国北方3个代表区域的气溶胶浓度特征与空间分布特点以及气溶胶粒子粒径的异同,并结合一次典型的沙尘天气过程,利用气溶胶和气象资料,讨论了沙尘天气对ρ（TSP）的影响以及各观测站点ρ（TSP）的变化特点. 结果表明:西北区域站点ρ（TSP）最高,达到0.488 mg/m3,其中以沙尘和土壤等粗模态粒子为主,占ρ（TSP）的50.7%;北部区域站点ρ（TSP）为0.350 mg/m3,主要由PM_2.5及沙尘、土壤等粗模态粒子组成,它们分别占ρ（TSP）的55.7%和30.9%;北京地区ρ（TSP）最低,平均值为0.252 mg/m3,ρ（PM_10）占ρ（TSP）比例较高,达到94.4%,其中ρ（PM_2.5）占ρ（TSP）的54.7%;沙尘天气强度和发生次数对气溶胶浓度年际变化影响明显,而天气形势对沙尘天气的发生发挥重要作用.      

民用核能利用公众参与的权利表达和立法完善

涉核邻避事件表明,民用核能利用决策中公众参与的法律供给并不能有效满足现实的权利需求。民用核能利用公众参与权利分解为知情权、参与权和监督权,发挥着认知、沟通、认同、示助的功能,但也存在公众知识与能力有限、自利动机等局限性。本文认为,应理性对待公众参与权利,以防出现公众参与的效力过高或过低的情形。现行法中,我国民用核能利用公众参与呈现形式化保护到权利性保护的立法趋势,但权利内容并未达到完整表达,权利的实现途径和效力平衡的规定并不充分。因此,建议全面确立公众知情权;增强公众参与权的权能,包括保障公众的程序进入权、意见表达权,构建公众获得回应权和合理意见获得采纳权的保障机制;拓补公众监督权。     

钽铌冶炼厂含氟废水资源化治理技术

采用合金膜电渗析法分离富集钽铌冶炼厂含氟废水中的F^-和SO₄^2-。最优的工艺运行条件为：膜对电压0.500 V,膜面流速4.09 cm/s。在此条件下电渗析30 min,F^-去除率达97.53%,SO₄^2-去除率接近100%。优化条件下运行电渗析器,一段淡水中大部分的F^-和SO₄^2-均被去除,可以直接回用。一段电渗析的浓水再经多段电渗析浓缩,以LiOH·H₂O沉淀F^-得到LiF产品,该LiF产品纯度达99.06%,满足GB/T 22666—2008标准的3级品要求。LiF收率为84.92%,F^-整体回收率为79.45%。     

北京市农业区不同使用类型土壤中二噁英类分析

2005年6—7月采集了北京市农业区不同使用类型土壤样品24个,分别为蔬菜地8个、粮地8个、果园地8个,采用高分辨气质联机对17种二噁英类进行了分析.结果表明:所有样品中二噁英浓度范围为,0.26—5.74(平均值为1.51)pgI-TEQ.g-1;蔬菜地浓度范围为,0.26—5.62(平均值1.75)pgI-TEQ.g-1;粮地浓度范围为,0.45—5.74(平均值2.02)pgI-TEQ.g-1;果园地浓度范围为,0.34—2.02(平均值0.73)pgI-TEQ.g-1;三种类型中粮食地浓度最高,其次为蔬菜地,果园地浓度最低.与国外农业区土壤中的二噁英浓度相比而言,北京市相对较低.所有样品中,样品8和16浓度异常高,但是8.3%(2:24)的高浓度样品数并不代表对人体有害.由于样品24处于垃圾焚烧炉旁边,也对此进行了详细的分析.样品中二噁英类物质形态分布出现了极大的离散性,这表明农田土壤中二噁英可能是多种因素综合作用的结果,例如:除草剂的使用、秸秆等固体废弃物的焚烧、汽车尾气排放等.     

磷石膏还原分解过程中CaS的产生机理分析

在N₂气氛下,利用热重分析仪和管式炉,研究了不同粒径还原剂高硫煤条件下磷石膏分解过程中CaS的产生机理.结果表明:在1 000～1 150 ℃的范围内,CaS主要是由磷石膏中的CaSO₄与高硫煤气化产生的CO反应产生.在CaSO₄分解过程中CaS与CaO的生成反应存在明显的平行竞争现象.CaS的产生机理可以通过缩芯模型进行合理解释.对磷石膏分解的固相及气相产物进行的物性分析表明,不同粒径高硫煤对CaS生成量的影响主要是通过控制煤粉气化过程及后续反应来实现的.