上海市郊销售使用农药的环境毒理评价

调查了上海市郊1994年的农药销售使用量,并对其进行了农药排毒系数和农药使用危险性的环境毒理评价。结果表明,1994年上海市郊农药总销售用量为2418.64t,总排毒系数为35.43×10~6t/a,销售使用农药的LD_(50)为68.3mg/kg,接近我国高毒农药LD_(50)的界限(50mg/kg)。农药总用量最高的是南汇县,最低的是宝山区;排毒系数最高的也是南汇县,最低的是崇明县和浦东新区。从环境毒理角度看,上海市郊销售使用农药的结构很不合理,存在高效农药比例小,农药急性毒性高,使用危险性程度较高,及水溶性农药比例较大等问题。     

农药在作物上的消解速度

介绍了10种农药在14种作物上的消解动态,结果表明,不同类型农药的消解速度是有差异的。其消解速度,有机磷>拟除虫菊酯>有机氯,百菌清与DDT相近。同一农药在不同作物上的消解速度也有明显差异,主要与作物比表面积、生长系数等因素有关。农药在设施作物上的消解速度较露地作物缓慢,且残留浓度呈先上升后下降的动态变化。农药在贮藏作物上的消解速度相当慢,这与其特殊的环境条件有关。     

4种农药流失性质的研究

对４种农药的流失性质，进行了实验室和田间的试验研究，结果表明，水溶性农药乐果和杀虫单，有较低的土壤水分配比，较强的渗滤性和淋洗性，较易流失并污染水环境。脂溶性农药氰戊菊酯易被土壤强烈吸附，较难渗及被淋洗，不易流失，对水环境污染较轻。丁草胺的流失性质介于水溶性农药与脂溶性农药之间。     

Municipal solid waste generation in growing urban areas in Africa: current practices and relation to socioeconomic factors in Jimma, Ethiopia

As one of cities in the developing countries, a rapid population growth and industrial activities pose many environmental challenges for Jimma city, Ethiopia. One aspect of urban growth posing a threat on sustainable development is poor solid waste management, which results in environmental pollution. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quantity, composition, sources of waste generated, their current disposal practices, and to recommend appropriate management technologies. The total waste generated daily in Jimma city was ca. 88,000 kg, and the average per capita generation rate was 0.55?±?0.17 kg/capita/day. Eighty-seven percent of the waste was produced by households and 13% by institutions, and a negligible fraction (0.1%) was generated by street sweepings. During the rainy season, 40% more waste was generated than in the dry season because of the increased availability of agricultural food product. Further analysis showed that biodegradable organic waste constitutes 54% by weight with an average moisture content of 60% that falls within the required limits for composting. The nonbiodegradable components constitute 46% of which 30% of it was nonrecyclable material. Only 25% of the community uses municipal containers for disposal at the selected landfill site. Fifty-one percent of the households disposed their waste in individually chosen spots, whereas 22% burned their waste. Finally 2% of households use private waste collectors. The socioeconomic analysis showed that higher family income and educational status is associated more with private or municipal waste collection and less with the application of backyard or open dumping. These insights into generated waste and management practice in Jimma city allow making suggestions for improved collection, treatment, and disposal methods. A primary conclusion is that the biodegradable waste is a major fraction having suitable properties for recycling. As such an economic benefit can be obtained from this waste while avoiding the need for disposal.     

适合大棚蔬菜的农药评价筛选

通过对农药使用的危险性评价方法，共筛选出７７种适合于大棚生产的化学农药和生物农药，其中杀虫剂３５种，杀菌剂２５种，除草剂１７种。为使大棚蔬菜的农药残留量低于国家食品卫生标准，应优先使用高效农药，最理想级的农药用量为〈４９．５ｇ／ｈｍ＾２，理想级为〈１６３．５ｇ／ｈｍ＾２，被评为危险级和较危险级的２３种农药，不应在大棚蔬菜生产和绿色食品生产中使用。     

上海市郊4种地表径流及稻田水中的污染物浓度

测定了水田、旱田、村、镇４种地表径流中的污染物浓度，以及稻田渗漏水和稻田水中的污染物浓度。测定的污染物种类主要有：总悬浮物，ＳＳ、总氮、总磷、ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＣＯＤＭｎ及微生物浓度等。测定结果表明，除稻田渗漏水以外，４种地表径流水中的污染物浓度均高于上海市郊环境地面水浓度，其中以村径流的污染物浓度最高，另外，施肥后的稻田水中氮浓度很高，施肥后的暴雨会导至严重氮污染。     

水溶性农药流失的影响因素及污染防治

根据实际室和田间试验结果，分析了水溶性农药稻田流失的影响因素，提出了对水稻生长前期的农药渗滤量、降雨径流量和排水流失量的估算。结果表明，仅渗滤与排水两项流失，占农药用量的１７．２８％～５９．３１％，调查表明，环境水体已受杀虫单的污染，最后提出了防治水溶性农药稻田流失的节水灌溉，控制排水等措施。     

4种农药在稻田水中的残留降解

对乐果、杀虫单、丁草胺和氰戊菊酯４种 经，在稻田水中的残留降解情况，进行了及比较。结果表明，４种农药在稻田水中的残留降解符合Ｃ－Ｃｏ．３＾ｋｔ或Ｃ＝Ａ．ｅ＾－１６＋Ｂ．３＾βｉ的数学式，据此可计算其平均降解半衰期（ｔ０．５）分别为：１．８６、１．３５、０．８８和０．３８ｄ，其中丁草胺和氰戊菊酯的降解前快后慢，氰戊菊酯的降解愉丁乐果，土壤吸附氰戊菊酯是其降解快的重要原因，脂溶性农药对水环境的污染要轻