废旧电脑拆解工艺与资源化案例研究

以某再生资源公司的废旧电脑拆解为案例进行研究,介绍了工艺技术、拆解回收各种资源的数据。研究结果表明,我国废旧电脑人工拆解-破碎-冶炼相结合的工艺,是电子废弃物循环利用、资源高效回收、减少环境风险的较好工艺技术,符合固废处理的3R(替代、减少、优化)原则。     

基于环境DNA宏条形码的太湖流域底栖动物监测与生态健康评价

大型底栖动物是生态环境监测和评估的主要目标生物类群之一。环境DNA宏条形码技术的发展为提高底栖动物多样性监测的通量、精准性、标准化程度提供了新的机遇,但该方法在我国尚未有流域尺度的应用先例,其结果的可靠性和对生态环境健康状况的指示性有待检验。率先将环境DNA宏条形码技术用于太湖流域65个点位的底栖动物监测和流域生态健康评价,并与同步进行的形态学监测结果进行了比较。结果表明:①环境DNA方法能检出更多的底栖动物类群,在科、属、种水平上检出的分类单元数分别是形态学监测结果的106%、132%、155%;②基于环境DNA技术的检测方法能够很好地识别形态学监测结果中的优势物种,检出的科级、属级分类阶元能够覆盖形态学监测结果中90%以上的生物量和个体数,同时包含60%以上的物种数;③两种方法对同一物种的检出频次显著相关(R²>0.7,P<0.0001),总体检出一致率达72.3%;④在底栖动物完整性指数(B-IBI)方面,环境DNA方法与形态学方法的计算结果显著相关(R²=0.235,P<0.0001),94%的点位的B-IBI等级划分误差在1级以内,且两种方法的计算结果在底栖动物完整性的流域空间格局描绘上高度重合。综上所述,环境DNA宏条形码技术在太湖流域底栖动物群落监测和评价中的整体应用结果表明,环境DNA监测方法结果可靠,将其进一步规模化应用有望显著提高我国水生态系统生物监测结果的准确性和生态健康评价的技术水平。     

粒状电介质形态对介质阻挡放电特性的影响

选取自制高岭土颗粒和氧化铝颗粒作为介质阻挡放电的电介质,并将其作为板-板式气体放电填充床反应器的填充材料,通过对反应器放电特性的实验研究。研究了电场强度、李萨如图形、放电功率以及电流脉冲情况,初步探讨了粒状电介质阻挡放电机制。并从粒径、成分、排序三个角度进行了结果分析,进而总结这三方面因素对气体放电的影响规律。     

江汉平原中北部一次区域性暴雨的成因分析

利用常规气象资料和NCEP再分析客观物理量场、卫星云图、多普勒雷达回波产品资料,对2007年7月13日发生在江汉平原中北部的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,（1）高空低槽东移是影响此次强降水过程的主要大尺度环流背景;（2）低层低涡暖切变和低空急流是暴雨的直接影响系统;（3）有利的热力水汽条件和动力条件是强降水产生和维持的机制;（4）卫星云图上“人”字型、“V”字型云系和多普勒速度资料上的“逆风区”、风切变可作为判断强降水落区落点的依据。     

近40年湖南冰雹时空分布和变化特征及机理分析

利用湖南省1967～2006年近四十年冰雹日数资料,分析了湖南冰雹时空分布特征,着重讨论了湖南冰雹日数年代、年、季、月、旬、日际变化、地域分布特征及湖南前后二十年冰雹的变化趋势。研究表明：湖南冰雹是典型的春雹区,春季冰雹日数占全年冰雹日数的74．9％;存在2年和4．8年的周期;日变化十分明显,多出现在午后到傍晚;地理分布呈西多东少,高山多于平原,洞庭湖北侧多于南侧的特点;近二十年冰雹呈减少趋势,多雹区更集中,主要出现在湘西北和湘东南。     

The Three Gorges Project in Figures

Abstact

Ecological city is the advanced mode of harmonious development of city. Constant improvement is being made in the development of ecological city. However, building ecological city is an enormous project that calls for a huge amount of capital. The government fund is far from adequate. This paper probes into the fund issue and discusses in detail the mechanism of investment and financing in building ecological city from various aspects such as diversification of the investment subjects and the modes of financing.     

Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emissions along Reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong

Abstract

There is an obvious departure from the regional equilibrium of developments between the upper and lower reaches of the Pearl River in Guangdong, which resulted in “the effects of contra-geography-grads development”. It is mainly because the upriver mountainous areas have been deeply stuck in industrialization delay and marginalization plights, so that nearly 40 million local people have conceived a dream to get rid of “the vicious circle of poverty” by speeding up industrial development. But the problem is that such industrialization efforts on a large scale in mountainous areas are encountering the bottleneck of environmental capacity that strictly limits industrial emissions along the upper reaches of any water system. As a solution, an institutional arrangement called “the Local Area Quotas for Industrial Emis-sions along the Pearl River” is put forward supposed to give corresponding compensation to the rights of industrial development yielded by some areas with lower environmental capacity through the distribution and trading of IDQs.     

不同行业减排对我国东部地区空气质量及大气温度的影响

未来我国减排政策更加关注对大气污染和大气增温的协同控制效果,但不同行业减排对空气质量改善和大气温度的影响不同.利用双向耦合的空气质量模型WRF-Chem,通过多组敏感性试验量化各部门人为源（工业源、居民源、交通源、火电厂和农业源）减排对2016年9月我国东部地区空气质量和大气温度的影响.结果表明,工业源、居民源、交通源、火电厂和农业源减排均能有效改善空气质量,PM_2.5浓度分别下降33.9%、9.6%、15.8%、10.8%和26.7%,但减弱的气溶胶-辐射相互作用使地表层获得更多能量,进而增加近地面气温0.04、0.03、0.01、0.03和0.09℃.在大气层顶,工业源、居民源、交通源和火电厂减排分别导致净辐射通量下降0.3、0.8、0.7和0.1 W·m^-2;而农业源减排则引起大气层顶净辐射通量增加0.8 W·m^-2.一方面,减排农业源导致散射性气溶胶下降进而引起净辐射增加;另一方面,减排农业源不会导致吸收性气溶胶（黑碳）下降,不能抵消散射性气溶胶下降引起的辐射增加.因此,减排农业源会导致大气层顶净辐射通量增加,同时近地面温度增加也最为显著.未来需要特别关注的是,尽管控制农业源排放会带来显著的空气质量改善,但同时会带来不利的显著增温后果.     

Major Forest Types and the Evolution of Sustainable Forestry in China

In this article, we introduce China’s major forest types and discuss the historical development of forest management in China, including actions taken over the last decade toward achieving SMF. Major challenges are identified, and a strategy for SFM implementation in China is presented. China’s forests consist of a wide variety of types with distinctive distributional patterns shaped by complex topography and multiple climate regimes. How to manage this wide array of forest resources has challenged forest managers and policy-makers since the founding of the country. Excessive exploitation of China's forest resources from the 1950s to the late 1990s contributed to environmental problems and calamities, such as floods, soil erosion, and desertification. At the start of the new millennium, the Chinese government decided to shift its emphasis from timber production towards the achievement of sustainable forest management (SFM). With a series of endeavors such as the implementation of the “Six Key Forestry Projects” and the reform of forest tenure policies, and the adoption of a classification system for China's forests, a beginning has been made at reversing the trend of environmental degradation that occurred throughout the latter half of the last century. At the same time, huge challenges remain to be tackled for the development of forestry in China.     

Application of China’s National Forest Continuous Inventory Database

The maintenance of a timely, reliable and accurate spatial database on current forest ecosystem conditions and changes is essential to characterize and assess forest resources and support sustainable forest management. Information for such a database can be obtained only through a continuous forest inventory. The National Forest Continuous Inventory (NFCI) is the first level of China’s three-tiered inventory system. The NFCI is administered by the State Forestry Administration; data are acquired by five inventory institutions around the country. Several important components of the database include land type, forest classification and ageclass/ age-group. The NFCI database in China is constructed based on 5-year inventory periods, resulting in some of the data not being timely when reports are issued. To address this problem, a forest growth simulation model has been developed to update the database for years between the periodic inventories. In order to aid in forest plan design and management, a three-dimensional virtual reality system of forest landscapes for selected units in the database (compartment or sub-compartment) has also been developed based on Virtual Reality Modeling Language. In addition, a transparent internet publishing system for a spatial database based on open source WebGIS (UMN Map Server) has been designed and utilized to enhance public understanding and encourage free participation of interested parties in the development, implementation, and planning of sustainable forest management.