Variation in soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure induced by the conversion from double rice fields to drained fields北大核心CSCD

Land use conversion is an important factor influencing the carbon gas exchange between land and atmosphere. The effect of land use conversion on soil organic carbon mineralization and microbial function is important for soil organic carbon sequestration and stability. This research studied the effects of land use conversion on soil chemical properties, organic carbon mineralization and microbial community structure after two years of conversion from double rice cropping (RR) to maize-maize (MM) and soybean-peanut (SP) double cropping systems in southern China. The results showed that soil pH significantly decreased by 0.50 (MM) and 0.52 (SP, P = 0.002), and dissolved organic carbon significantly increased by 23%- 35% (P = 0.016). No significant difference was found in soil organic carbon mineralization rate with the land use conversion, though the accumulated mineralization decreased after 13 days of incubation (P = 0.019). Land use conversion from paddy to upland significantly changed soil microbial community structure. The total PLFAs, bacterial, gram-positive bacterial (G+), gram-negative bacterial (G-) and actinomycetic PLFAs decreased significantly (P < 0.05), the ratio of fungal PLFAs to bacterial PLFAs (F/B) increased significantly (P = 0.006). But no significant differences in microbial groups were found between MM and SP. The accumulated mineralization at the beginning period of the incubation were significantly positively correlated with soil actinomycetic PLFAs (P = 0.034). After 13 days of incubation, soil F/B showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization (P = 0.004). However, soil microbial community structure(P = 0.014)and total PLFAs(P = 0.033)showed a positive correlation with the accumulated mineralization after 108 days of incubation. Our results indicated that after conversion from paddy soils to drained soils, soil pH and total nitrogen are the key factors regulating the variations in soil microbial community structure and biomass, and then influencing soil organic carbon mineralization.     

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对铯胁迫宿根高粱生长及根际土壤酶的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了接种透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)、摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)及幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)等4种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对铯污染下宿根高粱生长及根际土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,与未接种对照相比,接种AMF处理均显著增加了宿根高粱的株高和根长,同时增强了过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性及根系活力(P0.05),且以接种G.etunicatum增强效果最好,上述酶活性和根系活力分别相当于对照的1.11、2.25和4.04倍,而接种Glomus diaphanum最显著增强了酸性磷酸酶活性,使其提高了24.53 mg·g-1·d-1·FW(P0.05),宿根高粱对铯的耐性指数均高于对照,说明AMF在一定程度上能缓解铯污染胁迫对根际土壤酶的抑制作用,进而减轻核素铯对植物的毒害;接种AMF处理显著抑制了脲酶活性,表明脲酶可作为反应土壤核素铯污染的一个有效指标.同时也表明AMF有效地增强了宿根高粱对核素铯的耐性能力.     

AMF对铯胁迫下宿根高粱根系AsA-GSH循环的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了Glomus geosporum,G.mosseae,G.versiforme,G.etunicatum以及G.diaphanum等5种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对核素铯污染胁迫下宿根高粱根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(As A-GSH)循环的影响。结果表明,接种G.mosseae,G.versiforme和G.etunicatum处理显著增加了核素铯污染胁迫下宿根高粱根系还原性抗坏血酸(As A)和还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,同时,3种处理还显著提高了As A/DHA和GSH/GSSG比值;另外,5种菌根处理均提高了As A-GSH循环酶活性,其中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、双脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)以G.mosseae处理效果最好,其活性分别相当于对照的4.74,3.63和2.34倍,而单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)活性以接种G.versiforme处理增加最大,与对照相比增加了2.39 U/g FW,说明AMF能促进铯污染下宿根高粱根系As A-GSH循环快速有效地运转,增强植物耐核素铯的能力。     

2000～2010年贵州省植被净初级生产力时空变化研究

为了探明贵州省植被净初级生产力(NPP)在2000~2010年的变化状况,以2000~2010年植被NPP数据为基础,运用ArcG IS和SPSS进行综合分析。结果表明:近11年间,草地、城镇用地、阔叶林、针叶林和湿地等面积呈增加趋势,而灌木林和农田则持续减少,其中农田面积变化尤为明显;2000~2010年贵州省植被NPP变化较大,NPP变化范围为778~889 g/(m2·a),平均值为828.1 g/(m2·a),NPP缓慢上升趋势;全省NPP分布有明显地域性差异,铜仁和六盘水为显著增加(P0.05),其余地州市增加缓慢(P0.05)。黔东南年均NPP最高((927±111)g/(m 2·a)),毕节最低((725±107)g/(m2·a))。NPP变化趋势为东南向西北方向递减,而往西北方向NPP波动程度明显;阔叶林和灌木林缓慢下降,而针叶林和针阔混交林则上升。NPP表现为针阔混交林阔叶林针叶林灌木林。     

烟嘧磺隆降解菌SY-6的固定化、降解特性及其工程化应用

以海藻酸钠为载体,对烟嘧磺隆降解菌SY-6进行细胞固定化,通过单因素实验明确了菌株包埋SY-6的最优条件,并对其降解特性进行研究。结果表明,当海藻酸钠含量为4%,Ca Cl2含量为3%,固化时间为4 h,制得的固定化小球具有较强的机械强度和较好的传质性能及其对烟嘧磺隆的降解率较高。固定化细胞降解烟嘧磺隆的最佳条件为p H为7.0、温度为30℃、包菌量为5%。在不同p H或温度下,与游离细胞相比,固定化细胞有较宽泛的耐受性。将包埋的SY-6投加到序批式反应器(简称SBR)中处理烟嘧磺隆废水,结果表明,菌株SY-6在合适的使用周期内稳定性较高且对烟嘧磺隆废水降解效果较好,为烟嘧磺隆固定化细菌的工程化应用奠定了基础。     

Flower-, wire-, and sheet-like MnO2-deposited diatomites: Highly efficient absorbents for the removal of Cr(VI)

Flower-, wire-, and sheet-like MnO₂-deposited diatomites have been prepared using a hydrothermal method with Mn(Ac)₂, KMnO₄ and/or MnSO₄ as Mn source and diatomite as support. Physical properties of the materials were characterized by means of numerous analytical techniques, and their behaviors in the adsorption of chromium(VI) were evaluated. It is shown that the MnO₂-deposited diatomite samples with different morphologies possessed high surface areas and abundant surface hydroxyl groups (especially the wire-like MnO₂/diatomite sample). The wire-like MnO₂/diatomite sample showed the best performance in the removal of Cr(VI), giving the maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of 101 mg/g.     

Flower-, wire-, and sheet-like MnO2-deposited diatomites: Highly efficient absorbents for the removal of Cr(VI)

Flower-, wire-, and sheet-like MnO₂-deposited diatomites have been prepared using a hydrothermal method with Mn(Ac)₂, KMnO₄ and/or MnSO₄ as Mn source and diatomite as support. Physical properties of the materials were characterized by means of numerous analytical techniques, and their behaviors in the adsorption of chromium(VI) were evaluated. It is shown that the MnO₂-deposited diatomite samples with different morphologies possessed high surface areas and abundant surface hydroxyl groups (especially the wire-like MnO₂/diatomite sample). Thewire-like MnO₂/diatomite sample showed the best performance in the removal of Cr(VI), giving the maximum Cr(VI) adsorption capacity of 101 mg/g.     

Toxic effects of perfluorononanoic acid on the development of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos

Perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) is a nine-carbon perfluoroalkyl acid widely used in industrial and domestic products. It is a persistent organic pollutant found in the environment as well as in the tissues of humans and wildlife. There is a concern that this chemical might be a developmental toxicant and teratogen in various ecosystems. In the present study, the toxic effects of PFNA were evaluated in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. One hour post-fertilization embryos were treated with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 350, and 400 μmol/L PFNA for 96 hr in 6-well plates. Developmental phenotypes and hatching rates were observed and recorded. Nineteen genes related to oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were examined using Quantitative RT-PCR and confirmed by whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH). Results showed that PFNA delayed the development of zebrafish embryos, reduced the hatching rate, and caused ventricular edema and malformation of the spine. In addition, the amount of reactive oxygen species in the embryo bodies increased significantly after exposure to PFNA compared with that of the control group. The Quantitative RT-PCR and WISH experiments demonstrated that mRNA expression of the lfabp and ucp2 genes increased significantly while that of sod1 and mt-nd1 decreased significantly after PFNA exposure. The mRNA expression levels of gpx1 and mt-atp6 decreased significantly in the high concentration group. However, the mRNA expression levels of both ppara and pparg did not show any significant variation after exposure. These findings suggest that PFNA affected the development of zebrafish embryos at relatively low concentrations.     

关于污染场地治理修复的探讨

分析了污染场地管理面临的突出问题：中国在污染土壤管理的法律法规和标准不健全、公众对污染场地的关注度不高、中国污染场地修复技术框架和设施的研发尚不成熟,现有的技术支撑条件难以满足污染场地修复工作的需求。结合污染场地管理和场地风险评估、土地利用功能、场地修复技术,提出了场地修复管理急需开展的工作。指出破解污染场地管理和修复难题的关键是：健全土壤专项法律法规、优化土地空间用途、按照土壤反退化原则化解土壤环境风险、完善土壤治理修复技术框架。     

中国地表水环境质量标准监测体系现状研究及完善建议

中国地表水环境质量标准监测体系历经30余年,已初步形成一套基本成熟的地表水环境质量监测体系,但随着环境保护工作的不断推进和监测技术的进步,监测体系的诸多问题也凸显.结合中国《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）,对中国地表水水质的监测方法、技术、指标等方面进行了系统的归纳与分析,提出了相应的建议,即规范项目参数的描述、筛选优化控制项目、建立多层次、实用的控制指标监测方法体系、完善控制项目QC指标体系、制订专门地表水监测技术规范.