Molten hydroxide for detoxification of chlorine-containing waste: Unraveling chlorine retention efficiency and chlorine salt enrichment

Hazardous waste dechlorination reduces the potential of creating dioxins during the incineration process. To investigate the salt effect on waste dechlorination, molten hydroxides with a low melting temperature were utilized for the pre-dechlorination and decomposition of chlorine-containing organic wastes(COWs) including trichlorobenzene(TCB),perchloroethylene, hexachlorobenzene and chlordane. The results showed that a eutectic mixture of caustic sodium and potassium hydroxides(41 wt.% NaOH and 59 wt.% KOH) led to a low melting point below 300°C and a relatively high chlorine retention efficiency(CRE) with TCB as a representative COWs. The amounts of hydroxides, reaction time, and temperature all had notable influence on CRE. When the mass ratio of hydroxides to TCB reached 30:1,approximately 98.1% of the TCB was destroyed within 2.5 hr at 300°C with CRE of 71.6%.According to the residue analysis, the shapes of reaction residues were irregular with particles becoming swollen and porous. The benzene ring and C–Cl bonds disappeared, while carboxyl groups formed in the residues. The stripped chlorine was retained and condensed to form chloride salts, and the relative abundance of the chloride ions associated with the mass of TCB in residues increased from 0 to 75.0% within the 2.5 hr reaction time. The observed concentration of dioxins in residues was 5.6 ngTEQ/kg. A reaction pathway and possible additional reactions that occur in this dechlorination system were proposed. Oxidizing agents may attack TCB and facilitate hydrogenation/dechlorination reactions, making this process a promising and environmentally friendly approach for chlorine-containing organic waste treatment.     

Fe2O3/TiO2负载膨胀珍珠岩光催化降解罗丹明B

为获得高效催化活性的光催化材料,研究不同煅烧氛围对材料在可见光下催化性能的影响,以膨胀珍珠岩（EP）为载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法,在不同煅烧氛围（O₂和/或NH₃）下制备Fe₂O₃/TiO₂负载EP的光催化复合材料〔Fe₂O₃-TEP（O₂）、Fe₂O₃-TEP（NH₃）、Fe₂O₃-TEP（O₂,NH₃）、Fe₂O₃-TEP（NH₃,O₂）〕,采用EDS（X-射线色散能谱）、BET（比表面积及孔径分析）、XRD（X射线衍射）、SEM（扫描电子显微镜）、XPS（X射线光电子能谱）等对复合材料进行表征,并研究了其在可见光下对罗丹明B的光催化降解效果.结果表明:①复合材料成功负载了Ti、Fe元素,负载的TiO₂以锐钛矿型存在,Fe₂O₃的掺杂增强了TiO₂对可见光的响应能力;②不同的煅烧氛围明显影响复合材料的晶粒尺寸、比表面积和光催化性能,其中,Fe₂O₃-TEP（O₂,NH₃）的光催化性能最好,4 h后罗丹明B降解率达到87.59%,Fe₂O₃-TEP（NH₃,O₂）、Fe₂O₃-TEP（O₂）和Fe₂O₃-TEP（NH₃）4 h后对罗丹明B的降解率则分别为65.02%、62.48%和47.48%;③在试验条件下,复合材料的光催化反应符合一阶反应动力学方程,Fe₂O₃-TEP（O₂,NH₃）、Fe₂O₃-TEP（NH₃,O₂）、Fe₂O₃-TEP（O₂）和Fe₂O₃-TEP（NH₃）相应的降解速率常数分别为0.008 3、0.004 3、0.004 3和0.002 7 min-1.研究显示,通过溶胶-凝胶法所制备的复合材料（Fe₂O₃-TEP）经煅烧后所得矿相均一;Fe₂O₃掺杂TiO₂可形成Ti—O—Fe键,减小TiO₂固有的禁带宽度;复合材料光催化性能也受到煅烧氛围的影响,先O₂后NH₃煅烧条件下所得材料的光催化性能最佳.      

胶州湾海岸带表层沉积物中典型喹诺酮类抗生素污染特征研究

本研究对胶州湾海岸带表层沉积物中吡哌酸、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、洛美沙星、沙拉沙星、恶喹酸和氟甲喹8种喹诺酮类抗生素的含量以及分布特征进行分析探讨。结果表明,研究区域内36个站点均检测到喹诺酮类抗生素,含量范围在0.48×10-9~47.54×10-9,平均含量为8.45×10-9,含量最高点出现在人口、医院密集的市区附近海域。研究区中恶喹酸检出率最高,可达94.44%,其平均含量为0.89×10-9,这与恶喹酸在水产养殖中广泛使用有关。洋河河口站点平均含量（8.91×10-9）高于大沽河口（3.74×10-9）,且其个别站点沉积物的喹诺酮抗生素总含量高达20.32×10-9;红岛码头区沉积物中喹诺酮抗生素总含量均达到6.00×10-9以上,检出四种喹诺酮类抗生素;湾口养殖基地周边沉积物中检测出喹诺酮抗生素种类较多,总含量为11.12×10-9,可见胶州湾海岸带已明显受到喹诺酮类抗生素污染。然而与其他海岸带及我国典型河流沉积物中喹诺酮类抗生素污染相比,胶州湾表层沉积物中喹诺酮抗生素含量较低,处于低污染水平,但个别站位污染种类较多、含量偏高,应引起相关部门重视,合理规划海洋功能区,加强环湾环境保护。     

Impacts of land use,restoration, and climate change on tropical peat carbon stocks in the twenty-first century: implications for climate mitigation

The climate mitigation potential of tropical peatlands has gained increased attention as Southeast Asian peatlands are being deforested, drained and burned at very high rates, causing globally significant carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions to the atmosphere. We used a process-based dynamic tropical peatland model to explore peat carbon (C) dynamics of several management scenarios within the context of simulated twenty-first century climate change. Simulations of all scenarios with land use, including restoration, indicated net C losses over the twenty-first century ranging from 10 to 100 % of pre-disturbance values. Fire can be the dominant C-loss pathway, particularly in the drier climate scenario we tested. Simulated 100 years of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) cultivation with an initial prescribed burn resulted in 2400–3000 Mg CO₂?ha^?1 total emissions. Simulated restoration following one 25-year oil palm rotation reduced total emissions to 440–1200 Mg CO₂?ha^?1, depending on climate. These results suggest that even under a very optimistic scenario of hydrological and forest restoration and the wettest climate regime, only about one third of the peat C lost to the atmosphere from 25 years of oil palm cultivation can be recovered in the following 75 years if the site is restored. Emissions from a simulated land degradation scenario were most sensitive to climate, with total emissions ranging from 230 to 10,600 Mg CO₂?ha^?1 over 100 years for the wettest and driest dry season scenarios, respectively. The large difference was driven by increased fire probability. Therefore, peat fire suppression is an effective management tool to maintain tropical peatland C stocks in the near term and should be a high priority for climate mitigation efforts. In total, we estimate emissions from current cleared peatlands and peatlands converted to oil palm in Southeast Asia to be 8.7 Gt CO₂ over 100 years with a moderate twenty-first century climate. These emissions could be minimized by effective fire suppression and hydrological restoration.     

北天山东段阜康断裂吉木萨尔段古地震事件研究

阜康断裂带是北天山东段博格达弧形推覆构造一条重要的地质地貌构造分界线,吉木萨尔段位于阜康断裂带最东部,晚第四纪以来断裂活动性明显,地表形成一系列的地质地貌现象。通过在吉木萨尔段开展详细的地质地貌调查、断裂陡坎测量以及探槽剖面分析等工作,从探槽发现8次古地震事件,由老到新发生年代分别为:E1(257±24~376±22)ka B.P.;E2(2271±193~257±24)ka B.P.;E3(155±04~227±09)ka B.P.;E4(133±04~1359±116)ka B.P.;E5(87±05~133±04)ka B.P.;E6(65±15~675±057)ka B.P.;E7(20±10~35±08)ka B.P.;E8(?~20±10)ka B.P.。最新一次古地震为距今约(20±10)ka,古地震事件复发周期为(24-745)ka。吉木萨尔东南探槽有两条平行断层陡坎F1-7-1及F1-7-2。根据测年结果显示:最新活动时代分别为(87±05)ka和(20±10)ka,F_(1-7-1)早于F_(1-7-2)形成。     

水力负荷对生物沉淀池污染物净化性能的影响特性

本研究将生物转盘和平流式沉淀池设计理念相结合,开发出对水中致浊物质、有机组分、氨氮和总磷具有同步去除性能的一体式生物净化-沉淀池,考察了进水水力负荷对其污染物净化性能的影响规律.结果表明,在特定转盘转速和水质条件下,浊度、有机组分和氨氮的平均去除率随水力负荷的增大均呈先相对稳定后下降趋势,浊度和有机组分与氨氮平均去除率分别在0.036 g·(m~2·d)~(-1)与0.064 g·(m~2·d)~(-1)时达到最大.与浊度、有机组分和氨氮不同,水力负荷对总磷的去除效果影响较大,进水水力负荷在0.064 m~3·(m~2·d)~(-1)时,总磷平均去除率最差,适当减小或增大水力负荷,均有助于除磷过程的进行.进一步研究发现,硝化和除磷过程对水相中的有限碳源及溶解氧存在竞争关系.沿水流方向,盘片表面的微生物具有良好的种群配合和沿程分布特点,保证了在不利水力负荷条件下,工艺仍具有一定的去污效果,在微污染水体的强化净化处理中具有一定的应用前景.     

单洞四车道大断面公路隧道防火安全对策

以连霍高速公路张茅隧道为例,针对单洞单向交通四车道大断面公路隧道提出科学的火灾预防原则及系统的火灾预防策略.提出“灭火器+泡沫消火栓系统+简易灭火设施+自备消防车”的山区长大公路隧道消防系统设计思路,对公路遂道工程建设及安全管理具有一定的参考价值.     

电熨斗过热故障火灾痕迹特性的研究

通过火灾模拟实验,研究电熨斗发生过热故障后底板的火灾痕迹特性。根据底板的温度分布,应用DTA、TG、SEM、EDS、硬度分析和金相分析等方法,系统分析、归纳、总结电熨斗底板火灾痕迹的材料性能变化规律。研究表明,过热故障电熨斗的火灾痕迹,在宏观形貌、硬度分布和显微组织特征等方面,均显著区别于火烧电熨斗的火灾痕迹。结果为火灾原因调查提供新的技术依据,可应用在火灾现场勘验,物证提取与鉴定工作中。     

Evaluation of carbon dioxide storage potential for the Bohai Basin,north-east China

The storage potential of selected sites within the Bohai Basin was assessed for the COACH project. The Gangdong oilfield is considered to have a small potential storage capacity (23 Mt) and to be possibly suitable for an enhanced oil recovery or small-scale storage pilot rather than large-scale storage. The Shengli oilfield province is considered to have a great potential storage capacity (472 Mt in eight selected fields), however, these fields, like those of the Gangdong oilfield province, are compartmentalised by faulting and stratigraphy and likely to be quite challenging for injection. Unmineable coal seams in the Kailuan mining area were also considered for storage, the estimated capacity is 504 Gt adsorbed onto the coal and 38,100 Mt void storage capacity. However, the coals have low porosity and permeability, so they would be expected to have poor injectivity. This is also an active mining area and so any storage site would have to be chosen carefully to avoid affecting future energy resources. The Huimin sub-basin within the Jiyang Depression was identified for consideration as an aquifer storage site; the Guantao Formation has good porosity and permeability in this region, and the regional-level storage capacity of these areas was estimated to be 0.7 Gt. The aquifers in the Huimin sub-basin appear promising for storage, however, less data are available than for the oilfields and the sealing formations are not directly proven to trap buoyant fluids, though in adjacent oilfield in the Shengli oilfield province, the Minghuazhen Formation forms a regional seal for the Guantao Formation.