High-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: achievements and perspectives

• High-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) of sewage sludge (SS) is overviewed. • Factors affecting process stability and performance in HS-AD of SS are revealed. • HS effect and knowledge gaps of current research on the HS-AD of SS are identified. • Future efforts on addressing knowledge gaps and improving HS-AD of SS are proposed. High-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) has been applied extensively during the last few decades for treating various organic wastes, such as agricultural wastes, organic fractions of municipal solid wastes, and kitchen wastes. However, the application of HS-AD to the processing of sewage sludge (SS) remains limited, which is largely attributable to its poor process stability and performance. Extensive research has been conducted to attempt to surmount these limitations. In this review, the main factors affecting process stability and performance in the HS-AD of SS are comprehensively reviewed, and the improved methods in current use, such as HS sludge pre-treatment and anaerobic co-digestion with other organic wastes, are summarised. Besides, this paper also discusses the characteristics of substance transformation in the HS-AD of SS with and without thermal pre-treatment. Research has shown that the HS effect is due to the presence of high concentrations of substances that may inhibit the function of anaerobic microorganisms, and that it also results in poor mass transfer, a low diffusion coefficient, and high viscosity. Finally, knowledge gaps in the current research on HS-AD of SS are identified. Based on these, it proposes that future efforts should be devoted to standardising the definition of HS sludge, revealing the law of migration and transformation of pollutants, describing the metabolic pathways by which specific substances are degraded, and establishing accurate mathematical models. Moreover, developing green sludge dewatering agents, obtaining high value-added products, and revealing effects of the above two on HS-AD of SS can also be considered in future.     

丙烯腈暴露对大鼠脑组织损伤及iNOS/p38 MAPK信号通路关键蛋白表达的影响

通过探究iNOS/p38 MAPK信号通路在丙烯腈(acrylonitrile,ACN)诱导脑组织损伤中的作用,为进一步研究ACN的神经毒性作用提供依据。选取50只SPF级健康成年雄性SD大鼠,随机分为5组,每组10只。适应性饲养一周后,以12.5、25.0、50.0 mg·kg~(-1)ACN对大鼠进行灌胃染毒,对照组给予玉米油,另设NAC组(300.0 mg·kg~(-1)NAC+50.0 mg·kg~(-1)ACN),1次·天~(-1),6天·周~(-1),共染毒13周。次日称重并处死大鼠,测定大鼠脑组织NO含量、总NOS水平及iNOS、p-p38和p38蛋白表达水平。结果显示,ACN各剂量组大鼠脑组织脏器系数与对照组比较均显著降低(P0.05),高剂量组大鼠脑脏器系数与NAC组比较降低(P0.05)。高剂量组NO含量和总NOS水平显著高于对照组,与NAC组比较,高剂量组NO含量降低(P0.05),总NOS水平升高(P0.05)。Western blot结果显示,ACN高剂量组大鼠脑组织iNOS、p-p38蛋白表达水平和p-p38/p38比值显著高于对照组和NAC组(P0.05)。ACN可激活iNOS/p38MAPK信号通路,这可能是ACN致大鼠脑组织损伤的机制之一。     

轮虫在生态毒理学中的研究进展

轮虫是浮游动物中的重要类群,因具有生活周期短、对毒物的敏感性高、有两性生殖方式、易培养和实用性强等优势特征,已被用作生态毒理学实验中重要的模式生物,颇有研究前景。本文简介了轮虫作为受试生物的特点及其生活史,并从实验方法、污染物种类、测试指标等角度对近几十年来轮虫在生态毒理学中的应用现状、主要成果和最新进展作了概述,主要包括轮虫在常规毒性评价中的应用:急性毒性、慢性毒性以及对其行为的影响效应;综述了几类典型环境污染物,例如重金属、UV辐射、持久性有机污染物以及农药化合物的胁迫对轮虫的毒性效应,特别对目前存在的问题、研究热点及今后需要加强研究的方向进行了讨论和展望,以期为应用轮虫生态毒理学进行环境污染及风险评估提供参考。     

磁场强化曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水的研究

本研究采用普通陶粒、普通陶粒外加静态磁场（50 mT）和磁性陶粒（2.5 mT和5 mT）曝气生物滤池处理高浓度氨氮废水,对比研究了不同类型和强度的磁场强化下曝气生物滤池的硝化反硝化效果,并通过分子生物学手段系统分析了磁场强化硝化反硝化的微生物学机理.结果表明,随着氨氮浓度增加,磁场强化下曝气生物滤池硝化反硝化效果显著高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池.当氨氮浓度提高到400 mg·L^-1时,磁场强化曝气生物滤池（磁性陶粒和外加静态磁场）的氨氮去除率大于97%,高于普通陶粒曝气生物滤池的氨氮去除率（88%）;磁场强度为2.5 mT的磁性陶粒曝气生物滤池的总氮去除率达到67%,显著高于其他3个曝气生物滤池（p<0.05）（分别为55%、54%和55%）.分子生物学检测结果表明,2.5 mT磁场强度的磁性陶粒上生物膜的硝化反硝化酶活性和功能基因丰度大幅提高,硝化反硝化细菌的丰度及多样性显著增加.     

环境水质自动监测质量控制策略研究

为提高水质监测效率,获得更为直观、科学的监测成果,指出了环境水质自动监测中存在的问题,提出了加强环境水质自动监测质量控制的策略:完善质量控制体系,加强站房质量管理,落实设备使用维护,建立自动化、现代化的水质监测机制,以提升环境水质自动监测工作的整体质量.     

Identification of cadmium-induced genes in maize seedlings by suppression subtractive hybridization

A maize variety, Huatian-1, had an unusually low translocation rate of cadmium (Cd) (59.6 mg·kg^-1 in the roots and 0.093 mg·kg^-1 in the grain) compared to 24 other varieties while being grown in soils with 16.50 mg·kg^-1 Cd. This indicates that this particular species may have special mechanisms that affect the absorption and translocation pattern of Cd. In this paper, the technique of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was used to isolate and identify Cd-induced genes from Huatian-1 hydroponically ?exposed? to? 0.1 mM ?CdCl₂ ?for? 1 h,? 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. We found a total of 15 differentially expressed genes in the four groups; 2, 3, 4, and 6 genes were from the groups of 1 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h treatment, respectively. Phospholipase PLDb1 mRNA, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) phosphoribosyl transferase 2, and Sp17 were turned on in the maize in response to Cd stress, and it might provide new clues to explain the mechanism of maize tolerance to Cd.     

Preparation of ceria-zirconia solid solution with enhanced oxygen storage capacity and redox performance

A new method called ultrasonic-assisted membrane reaction (UAMR) was reported for the fabrication of ceria-zirconia solid solution. A series of ceria-zirconia solid solutions with different Ce/Zr molar ratios were prepared by the UAMR method and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The UAMR method proved to be superior, especially when the Ce/Zr molar ratio was lower than 1, in fabricating ceria-zirconia solid solutions with large BET surface area, high oxygen storage capacity (OSC), and low reduction temperature.     

上游建筑对街道峡谷内流场和污染物分布特征的影响

利用数值模拟方法研究了不同的上游阻挡建筑布局下,行列式和错列式街谷内气流速度和污染物浓度场特征.结果指出,阻挡建筑的存在改变了街谷内的二次流,从而对流场和浓度场均有明显影响.在行列式街谷中,无论上游建筑以何种布局存在,都会减小街谷内污染物浓度.若不考虑上游建筑的存在,将会过高估计行列式街谷内污染程度;在错列式街谷中,与街谷建筑并列的上游阻挡建筑会减小街谷内污染物浓度,而与街谷建筑错列布置的阻挡建筑会增大街谷内污染物浓度;数值模拟结果还表明,街谷内污染物的扩散和清除效果受气流速度和涡流特性的共同作用.     

微电解集成设备预处理垃圾渗滤液

采用自制微电解集成设备研究不同反应条件下对成都市长安垃圾场垃圾渗滤液的处理效果。试验主要条件为1∶1铁碳体积比填料、停留时间、极板电压、电极正负交换周期和曝气量等动态单因素。在垃圾渗滤液的初始p H条件下试验得到最佳反应参数:停留时间为120 min、电压为25 V、电极正负交换周期30 s、曝气量2 000 L/h时,对垃圾渗滤液COD、NH3-N和色度的初始去除率分别41.38%、24.52%和60.00%。经重复试验,该微电解集成设备对垃圾渗滤液有较为稳定的处理能力,可为垃圾渗滤液的预处理工程设计提供选择性参考。     

《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》实施对燃煤电厂大气汞减排的影响

为评估GB 13223─2011《火电厂大气污染物排放标准》实施对燃煤电厂大气Hg(汞)减排的影响,采用“自下而上”排放因子法,对燃煤电厂大气Hg排放量进行了估算,通过设计不同发展情景,对排放标准实施条件下我国燃煤电厂大气Hg减排量(不含港澳台地区数据,下同)进行了预测. 结果表明:不同能耗情景下,预计2015年燃煤电厂的煤炭消费量为18.5×108~20.3×108 t,2020年煤炭消费量可达19.7×108~22.5×108 t;GB 13223─2011实施后,大气污染控制设施包括ESP(静电除尘器)、FF(袋式除尘器)、WFGD(湿法脱硫)和SCR(选择性催化还原脱硝)的应用比例亟需提高,控制设施面临提效改造,主要控制技术组合SCR+ESP+WFGD在2015年和2020年的应用比例将达到40%、75%;改造后技术组合FF+WFGD、ESP+WFGD、SCR+ESP+WFGD可分别实现90%、85%、80%的脱Hg效率. 由此可为我国燃煤电厂大气Hg排放带来巨大的协同减排潜力,与2010年约119 t的排放水平相比,2015年和2020年在低能耗情景下,我国燃煤电厂大气Hg减排幅度可分别高达38%和39%. 为进一步提高燃煤电厂大气的Hg减排量,建议逐步推广应用活性炭喷射(ACI)等技术.