乌鞘岭隧道施工环境保护措施探讨

对乌鞘岭隧道施工过程中的环境保护措施进行了探讨,对施工过程中产生的水污染、大气及洞内空气污染、固体废弃物污染、噪声污染、植被破坏等采取了相应的措施,取得了良好的效果。     

出生前后全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）暴露对大鼠额叶皮质中IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和IGFBP-2 mRNA水平的影响

为研究出生前后不同时期全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)暴露对大鼠仔鼠额叶皮质胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ受体(IGF-ⅠR)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-2(IGFBP-2)mRNA水平的影响,将28只受孕Wistar大鼠按3:2:2的比例随机分到对照(C)、低剂量(L)和高剂量(H)组中,从妊娠第0天开始分别自由摄食含0、7.2、14.4mg·kg-(1以饲料中的PFOS计)的粉末状饲料进行连续染毒至出生后28天.采用交叉哺育的方法建立出生前后均不暴露(CC)、仅出生前暴露(LC和HC)、仅出生后暴露(CL和CH)、出生前后均暴露(LL和HH)于PFOS的动物模型.采用半定量RT-PCR法检测各组仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和IGFBP-2mRNA水平的变化.结果表明,对照组仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-2mRNA在PD14时处于较高水平,而在PD1和PD28时水平较低;IGF-ⅠRmRNA在PD1时只处于较低水平,随年龄的增加而逐渐升高.在PD1时,暴露组仔鼠IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR、IGFBP-2mRNA水平显著高于对照组(p<0.05).在PD14时,除LC组仔鼠IGF-ⅠRmRNA水平显著高于对照组之外,其余各暴露组仔鼠3者mRNA水平均显著低于对照组(p<0.01).此外,出生后暴露PFOS组的仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGFBP-2mRNA水平降低程度比出生前暴露PFOS组仔鼠更高.在PD28时,暴露组仔鼠IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠRmRNA水平显著低于对照组(p<0.01),而IGFBP-2mRNA水平与对照组之间的差异无显著性(p>0.05).出生前后不同时期暴露PFOS导致大鼠仔鼠额叶皮质IGF-Ⅰ、IGF-ⅠR和IGFBP-2mRNA水平变化,为PFOS发育神经毒性的研究提供了一定的线索.     

中国天然水体中五氯酚的浓度水平、管理及来源分析

五氯酚(PCP)属内分泌污染物,也是可对生物产生复合毒性的有机污染物。五氯酚及其钠盐曾被用作杀螺剂在我国血吸虫病流行疫区大范围长时间使用。为了解PCP在中国水环境中的污染现状,在阐述中国PCP的生产使用状况基础上,重点论述中国水环境介质中PCP的污染分布及影响因素。中国多地河流水环境中均存在PCP,其中沿长江流域的长江、洞庭湖、鄱阳湖PCP残留量较高,虽均在限值范围内,但PCP污染范围有从主要江河、湖泊等向沿海海域蔓延的趋势。PCP使用历史、用药区域类型、区域PCP消耗量等均会影响PCP的残留量,血吸虫病疫区PCP残留量明显高于对照区,在PCP及其钠盐显著减少使用后(2003年以后),施药历史仍然影响着水体介质中PCP的残留情况,PCP虽已停用,但其对环境所造成的不良影响还在持续。与国外研究相比,我国水环境介质中的PCP污染偏高且有上升趋势,这可能与部分区域近年来重现血吸虫病后施药控制有关。未来一段时期内有关PCP及其环境副产物在环境介质中的迁移转化规律、人群暴露评估、污染介质修复技术以及其替代品的研制都将是研究重点领域。     

服装热阻和湿阻的测量与计算

热阻和湿阻是影响服装热湿舒适性的两个重要参数,其测量方法对于研究和改善服装的热湿舒适性具有重要意义。本文介绍了面料和服装的热阻、湿阻的概念和测量方法,以一件连体型防静电无尘服为例,使用出汗暖体假人"Newton",对其热阻、湿阻进行测量,详细阐述了服装的局部到整体的热阻、湿阻的测量与计算,并分析了服装各个局部热阻、湿阻的特点。     

我国长管拖车安全技术发展综述

长管拖车作为专用气体储运装备实现国产化已有10余年时间,其关键部件——长管拖车气瓶(即大容积无缝钢瓶)由于充装介质多易燃、易爆、且具腐蚀性和毒性,具有较高的安全隐患和潜在危险,因此国家将其纳入特种设备进行全寿命安全监管。中国特种设备检测研究院作为长管拖车定期检验专业机构,累计检验长管拖车气瓶万余只,对其制造使用工况、典型失效模式和缺陷评定方法积累了大量数据。本文综述了我国长管拖车气瓶的制造使用现状、安全检验现状和发展趋势,为长管拖车在我国的安全使用及发展提供依据。     

森林经营主体的碳汇供给潜力差异及影响因素研究

增加森林碳汇已成为应对气候变化的重要举措。论文基于浙江、江西和福建三省农户和林场的调研数据,以杉木为案例树种,引用生长模型、修正的Faustmann 模型碳密度和价格数据,对单一和碳汇木材复合经营目标下的杉木最佳轮伐期和林地期望值进行了分析,并基于此比较了不同森林经营主体碳汇供给潜力的差异,同时模拟了不同营林成本和利率水平下对森林经营主体碳汇供给差异造成的影响。可以发现,在可能的碳汇林经营模式下,基于目前杉木市场价格远高于碳价格的现实,森林经营主体的经营采伐决策并不会发生明显改变,从而导致在大范围的碳价格变动下碳汇的供给也没有显著增加,这也说明木材收益和碳收益的两个不同经营目标是协调的;林场凭借着规模、技术和资金等资源禀赋优势将成为今后碳汇林的适宜经营和供给主体;从影响因素来看,目前市场利率处于低位徘徊的前提下,即碳汇林地的潜在投资价值巨大,尤其对劣等土地的投资效果明显;理论上营林成本会提升继而导致碳汇供给增加,这反而对于森林固碳有显著正面影响。     

Pleistocene diversification of the Pomacentrus coelestis species complex (Pisces: Pomacentridae): historical biogeography and species boundaries

Pleistocene eustatic changes in sea level are often invoked to explain genetic divergence among marine organisms. However, molecular phylogenies have revealed relatively few examples of speciation events dating to the Pleistocene. We present a species-level hypothesis of the timing of evolution for the Pomacentrus coelestis species complex (Pomacentridae), based on the nuclear S7 intron and the mitochondrial Cytb gene, and reconstruct ancestral range distributions across the timetree. Ancestral range reconstruction suggests the complex originated in the Coral Triangle and East Indian Ocean, with subsequent range expansion outward from this region. We suggest that land barriers to dispersal (e.g., Indo-Pacific barrier) may be responsible for the divergence between Indian (P. alleni, P. similis, P. caeruleopunctatus, and P. caeruleus) and Pacific (P. micronesicus, P. auriventris, and P. coelestis) species groups, and subsequent isolation by Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations in certain areas of the Coral Triangle (glacial refugia) may play an important role in the diversification of this species complex. Additionally, our analyses show cryptic lineages within P. micronesicus and highlight the need for comprehensive sampling within and among species to reveal recent speciation events.     

Municipal wastewater treatment in China: Development history and future perspectives

The history of China’s municipal wastewater management is revisited. The remaining challenges in wastewater sector in China are identified. New concept municipal wastewater treatment plants are highlighted. An integrated plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery is envisaged. China has the world’s largest and still growing wastewater sector and water market, thus its future development will have profound influence on the world. The high-speed development of China’s wastewater sector over the past 40 years has forged its global leading treatment capacity and innovation ability. However, many problems were left behind, including underdeveloped sewers and sludge disposal facilities, low sustainability of the treatment processes, questionable wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent discharge standards, and lacking global thinking on harmonious development between wastewater management, human society and the nature. Addressing these challenges calls for fundamental changes in target design, policy and technologies. In this mini-review, we revisit the development history of China’s municipal wastewater management and identify the remaining challenges. Also, we highlight the future needs of sustainable development and exploring China’s own wastewater management path, and outlook the future from several aspects including targets of wastewater management, policies and technologies, especially the new concept WWTP. Furthermore, we envisage the establishment of new-generation WWTPs with the vision of turning WWTP from a site of pollutant removal into a plant of energy, water and fertilizer recovery and an integrated part urban ecology in China.     

Trophic mode and organics metabolic characteristic of fungal community in swine manure composting

Fungal trophic modes and substrates utilization ability was observed in composting. Fungi had the higher diversity and more trophic types in thermophilic phase. Fungi had the higher metabolic potential in fresh swine manure and mature production. Redox potential, organics and moisture are main factors impacting fungal community. Composting reduced pathogenic fungi and enrich dung saprotroph fungi in swine manure. The succession of fungal community, trophic mode and metabolic characteristics were evaluated in 60 days composting of swine manure by high-throughput sequencing, FUNGuild and Biolog method, respectively. The result showed that the fungal community diversity reached to the highest level (76 OTUs) in the thermophilic phase of composting, then sustained decline to 15 OTUs after incubation. There were 10 fungal function groups in the raw swine manure. Pathotroph-saprotroph fungi reached to 15.91% on Day-10 but disappeared on Day-60. Dung saprotroph-undefined saprotroph fungi grown from 0.19% to 52.39% during the treatment. The fungal community had more functional groups but the lower substrate degradation rates in the thermophilic phase. The fungal communities on Day-0 and Day-60 had the highest degradation rates of amino acids and polymers, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that ORP (49.6%), VS/Ash (45.3%) and moisture (39.2%) were the main influence factors on the succession of fungal community in the swine manure composting process.     

循环温度荷载作用下饱和黏土的体积变形特性

采用温控三轴仪,研究了排水条件下温度循环引起的饱和黏土体积变化特性。试验结果表明,温度循环会使得土体产生不可恢复的体积变形,塑性体积应变的大小随温度循环周数的增加而增加,并逐渐趋于稳定值;若将经历过温度循环的土样重新加载到新的正常固结状态,后续温度循环中产生的塑性体积应变量值及发展规律与初始循环下的类似;同等温度增量下,体积应变的大小主要受超固结比OCR的影响,与应力水平无关。OCR越大,体积应变越小,随温度循环周数稳定的也越快。基于广义塑性理论,给出了热-力耦合作用下土体体积应变的计算模型。模型中考虑了温度塑性应变对屈服应力的硬化作用,根据屈服应力与前期固结应力之间的差异间接体现温度历史的影响,进而合理地模拟体积应变随温度循环周数的累积规律。利用所建立的模型对本文试验和文献中的数据进行了模拟,验证了模型的可靠性。