淡水养殖水体溶解氧含量诊断分析及浮头泛塘气象预报

通过实时监测荆州农试站养殖塘各种水质要素,结合2011~2012年养殖塘发生的25个鱼泛塘实例,探讨了养殖水体溶解氧含量与气象要素之间的联系。分析表明:养殖水体溶解氧含量与6 h变温、总辐射量、气压值正相关,与水温、空气相对湿度值负相关。从平时的调查记录来看,鱼泛塘事件主要发生在5~10月间,湿度大、气温低、气压下降、日照强度弱等都会引起溶解氧含量低,严重的会诱发鱼泛塘。根据25个鱼泛塘实例,结合气象要素的特点,提出了急剧降温降压型、寡照型、高温高热型3种鱼泛塘发生条件的概念模型,分别以实例进行了验证,并初步总结出根据气象要素观测资料进行浮头泛塘预报的方法和流程     

蒲河流域生态环境需水研究

以蒲河流域为例,以改善水环境为出发点,提出了一种以生态分区为前提,同时满足人类正常生产活动的生态环境需水估算模型。该模型从生态系统角度分析了蒲河流域现阶段存在的问题,比简单的水文模型更为符合蒲河流域的实际特点。在此基础上对蒲河流域进行生态分区,针对各生态分区对生态需水的需求不同,分别估算需水值。其中包括河道基本生态需水、河道蒸发需水,河道渗漏需水等。在考虑生态需求的同时,针对蒲河季节性河流且人工干扰严重的特点,对蒲河流域生态需水量值进行估算。计算结果表明,蒲河流域生态需水总量为4 53846万m³,并具有年内变化显著、受人类活动（污水排放量、人口密度等）影响各分区差距显著等特点,研究成果为今后季节性河流需水量的研究提供了依据     

酸性条件下微波改性活性碳纤维对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附

采用微波辐照的方法,在混酸条件下对活性碳纤维(ACF)进行改性,制备得到一种改性活性碳纤维(M-ACF).通过小试吸附实验考察了微波功率、溶液pH值对M-ACF吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、电子能谱(EDX)等技术对ACF和M-ACF进行表征.结果表明,M-ACF表面的羧基等酸性含氧官能团增多,纤维长度变短且表面粗糙化.当M-ACF的投加量为10 mg、含铅溶液初始浓度为50 mg/L、pH为6、吸附时间为24 h、吸附温度为308 K时,M-ACF对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附量高达248.5 mg/g.吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型;热力学参数表明吸附为吸热、自发的过程.     

模拟生态种植槽对雨水径流的净化

为减少环湖公路路面径流对洱海水质的影响,该研究选用土壤、锯末、沙子、砾石分层装填的生态型的路面径流收集、净化和输送系统-生态种植槽(其中混合填料层锯末与沙子的配比设置3种比例1∶3、1∶4、1∶5),研究该装置对模拟雨水的净化效果,并寻求最佳填充方式.结果表明,3组种植槽适合植物移栽、自然挂膜、低污染负荷启动方式;能稳定有效地去除COD、SS.运行期COD的平均出水水质优于地表水Ⅴ类水质,SS的平均去除率均高于80％.不同混合填料比种植槽对污水中COD的净化效果从高到低排序依次为:1∶5(锯末∶沙子)＞1∶4(锯末∶沙子)＞1∶3(锯末∶沙子),方差分析显示,3组种植槽系统间COD、SS去除率无差异(P＞0.05),考虑到锯末∶沙子为1∶5时的渗透效果差,故推荐锯末∶沙子为1∶4的种植槽供后续示范工程选用.     

基于半焦的污泥调质与深度浓缩脱水

半焦具有孔隙发达、比表面积大、疏水性能强、热值高等特点,采用污泥重力浓缩脱水实验法考察了半焦投加量、粒度对污泥调质与浓缩脱水效果的影响.通过扫描电镜、红外光谱等现代分析手段探讨了基于半焦的污泥调质与深度浓缩脱水的机理.结果表明,当半焦粒度≤425 μm、半焦投加量为2.5 g/100 g污泥时,浓缩污泥上清液的浊度、COD、SS分别从污泥调质前的836 NTU、258.2 mg/L、630.1 mg/L降至调质后的14.8 NTU、38.2 mg/L、18.6 mg/L,达到国家污水综合排放二级标准;浓缩污泥的含水率由调质前的91.74％降至调质后83.71％;污泥静置重力浓缩过程中,经半焦调质后的污泥沉降速率明显增加,污泥在前20 min的平均沉降速率由调质前的2.49 mL/min提高至3.48 mL/min;半焦对污泥调质与深度脱水机理主要表现在半焦对污泥的吸附作用及半焦对污泥疏水性能的增强作用.可见,基于半焦的污泥调质不仅能显著地改善污泥的浓缩脱水性能,还能提高污泥的热值,为污泥的能源化利用创造了条件.     

响应曲面法优化HMBR去除TN的工艺条件

采用复合式膜生物反应器HMBR处理低C/N(3-5)实际生活污水,TN含量17~45 mg/L。基于CCD响应曲面法,考察了溶解氧DO、水力停留时间HRT和污泥龄SRT的单独作用及交互作用,并建立TN去除率数学模型。结果表明,影响因子显著性顺序为HRTSRTDO,三者间存在一定的交互作用,但并不显著;数学模型回归性较好,预测最大TN去除率为75%,最佳条件组合为:DO=3.79 mg/L,HRT=8.84 h,SRT=33.62 d,验证实验结果 TN的去除率为73%,与预测值相比偏差仅为3%。采用HMBR处理低C/N生活污水,可以满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准中对TN≤15 mg/L的限制要求。     

γ-Al_2O_3负载Ni、Fe催化剂同时脱硫脱硝

采用浸渍法制备了不同负载量的Ni(x)Fe(y)/γ-AL2O3催化剂,通过XRD、H2-TPR、BET和SEM对催化剂进行表征,使用微型催化反应装置考察催化剂在以CO作为还原气时,同时脱硫脱硝的催化活性。结果表明,Ni O和Fe2O3做为活性组分可以很好地分散在γ-Al2O3载体上,并且不破坏其结构;Ni(8)Fe(2)/γ-Al2O3催化剂有最佳的脱硫脱硝活性,脱硫率达到96.55%,脱硝率达到97.92%。     

Bioaccumulation and uptake routes of perfluoroalkyl acids in Daphnia magna

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAs), one kind of emerging contaminants, have attracted great attentions in recent years. However, the study about their bioaccumulation mechanism remains scarce. In this research, the bioaccumulation of six kinds of PFAs in water flea Daphnia magna was studied. The uptake rates of PFAs in D. magna ranged from 178 to 1338 L kg^?1 d^?1, and they increased with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length; the elimination rates ranged from 0.98 to 2.82 d^?1. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of PFAs ranged from 91 to 380 L kg^?1 in wet weight after 25 d exposure; they increased with increasing perfluoroalkyl chain length and had a significant positive correlation with the n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log K_ow) of PFAs (p < 0.05). This indicated that the hydrophobicity of PFAs plays an important role in their bioaccumulation. The BAFs almost kept constant when the PFA concentrations in aqueous phase increased from 1 to 10 μg L^?1. Scenedesmus subspicatus, as the food of D. magna, did not significantly affect the bioaccumulation of PFAs by D. magna. Furthermore, the body burden of PFAs in the dead D. magna was 1.08–2.52 times higher than that in the living ones, inferring that the body surface sorption is a main uptake route of PFAs in D. magna. This study suggested that the bioaccumulation of PFAs in D. magna is mainly controlled by their partition between organisms and water; further research should be conducted to study the intrinsic mechanisms, especially the roles of protein and lipid in organisms.     

Accumulation pattern of Dechlorane Plus and associated biological effects on rats after 90 d of exposure

Recent studies have indicated that Dechlorane Plus (DP) is widespread in the environments. However, different isomer-specific enrichment pattern of syn-DP and anti-DP was reported in biological samples from the field. In this study, Sprague–Dawley rats were consecutively exposed to commercial DP 25 by gavage for 90 d at different doses (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg kg^?1 d^?1) to investigate the accumulation pattern of syn-DP and anti-DP in liver, muscle, and serum of rats. The possible biological effects of DP on rats were also examined. Results showed that DP preferentially accumulated in the liver rather than in muscle at all exposure levels. No significant stereoselectivity of anti-DP or syn-DP in tissues was observed in the low DP exposure groups (0 and 1 mg kg^?1 d^?1) with f_anti values (defined as the concentration of the anti-DP divided by the sum of concentrations of anti- and syn-DP) ranging from 0.74 to 0.78. However, f_anti values reduced (f_anti ranged from 0.26 to 0.30) significantly in the high DP exposure groups (10 and 100 mg kg^?1 d^?1) and syn-DP was predominant in all tissues. Biochemical parameters in serum, the mRNA expression levels of certain enzymes and their activities in liver were detected. There was no observable-effect in histopathology and death during the experiment, although the mRNA expression levels of some genes in the low dosage group decreased significantly and enzyme activity of CYP 2B2 increased.