长江口油污湿地植物根际微生态环境特征

溢油污染导致长江口湿地生态环境受到破坏,在进行油污湿地植物修复中,弄清湿地植物的根际微生态环境具有重要意义.通过测定蔗草、香蒲、水蓼、芦苇、茭白、旱柳6种代表性土著植物根际土壤的微生物数量与活性、土壤酶活性和油类污染物含量等指标,研究发现实验植物根际与非根际土壤的微生物活性、土壤脱氢酶活性、多酚氧化酶活性、油类含量均存...     

Control of membrane fouling during hyperhaline municipal wastewater treatment using a pilot-scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor system

Membrane fouling limits the effects of long-term stable operation of membrane bioreactor (MBR). Control of membrane fouling can extend the membrane life and reduce water treatment cost effectively. A pilot scale anoxic/aerobic-membrane bioreactor (A/O-MBR, 40 L/hr) was used to treat the hyperhaline municipal sewage from a processing zone of Tianjin, China. Impact factors including mixed liquid sludge suspension (MLSS), sludge viscosity (μup), microorganisms, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), aeration intensity and suction/suspended time on membrane fouling and pollution control were studied. The relationships among various factors associated with membrane fouling were analyzed. Results showed that there was a positive correlation among MLSS, sludge viscosity and trans-membrane pressure (TMP). Considering water treatment efficiency and stable operation of the membrane module, MLSS of 5 g/L was suggested for the process. There was a same trend among EPS, sludge viscosity and TMP. Numbers and species of microorganisms affected membrane fouling. Either too high or too low aeration intensity was not conducive to membrane fouling control. Aeration intensity of 1.0 m³/hr (gas/water ratio of 25:1) is suggested for the process. A long suction time caused a rapid increase in membrane resistance. However, long suspended time cannot prevent the increase of membrane resistance effectively even though a suspended time was necessary for scale off particles from the membrane surface. The suction/suspended time of 12 min/3 min was selected for the process. The interaction of various environmental factors and operation conditions must be considered synthetically.     

Effects of different mixing ratios on emissions from passenger cars fueled with methanol/gasoline blends

The effects of different mixing ratios of methanol/gasoline blends and new three-way catalytic converter on regulated and unregulated emissions, especially VOC and carbonyl compound emissions were investigated.     

Association of serum concentration of organochlorine pesticides with dietary intake and other lifestyle factors among urban Chinese women

Concerns about the carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting characteristics of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have led to a global ban on OCP use. However, OCPs persist in the environment for decades because of their long half-life. We evaluated serum levels of OCPs and their correlations with usual dietary intake and other lifestyle factors among 250 healthy women who participated as controls in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Serum levels of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, gamma-HCH), dichloro-di-phenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) isomers (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), trans-nonachlor (TNC), and eight polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners (IUPAC no. 74, 118, 138, 153, 170, 180, 183, and 187) were measured. Lifestyle factors and usual dietary habits over the past 5 years were assessed through an in-person interview. With the exception of PCB, total OCP levels in our study population were significantly higher than those observed in other countries. Age, income, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, number of pregnancies, and/or total duration of breastfeeding were all significantly correlated with all types of OCPs. Of the 20 food groups evaluated, correlations with serum total OCPs were observed for eggs (r=0.13), fresh beans (r=-0.17), tea (r=0.14), and animal fat (r=0.18). Multiple regression analyses showed that age and animal fat intake were positively associated with serum total level OCPs, while leafy vegetable and fresh bean consumption was negatively associated with OCPs level. Our study suggests that dietary intake may be an important contributor of serum levels of OCPs in Chinese women.     

NO、ROS对SO_2诱导的万寿菊保卫细胞凋亡的调控

一氧化氮(NO)和活性氧(ROS)均是非常重要的信号分子,然而其在二氧化硫(SO2)对观赏植物毒作用过程中可能的信号作用还不清楚.因此,本文以万寿菊叶片下表皮为材料,采用表皮条分析法研究了SO2胁迫引起的保卫细胞死亡和胞内NO、ROS水平变化情况.结果显示:SO2衍生物(终浓度0.4~4.0 mmol·L-1)处理能引起万寿菊叶片下表皮保卫细胞生理活性下降,死亡率增加,且存在剂量效应,细胞出现核固缩、核降解、核拉长等典型核凋亡特征.同时,保卫细胞内NO、ROS和Ca2+水平显著升高(p0.05).用不同浓度的NO干扰剂(NO合酶抑制剂L-NAME、硝酸还原酶抑制剂Na N3及NO清除剂c-PTIO)、ROS清除剂(CAT和As A)、钙离子干扰剂(Ca2+螯合剂EGTA和Ca2+通道抑制剂La Cl3)分别与2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物同时处理后,保卫细胞死亡率及相对应的胞内NO、ROS、Ca2+水平显著低于同期SO2衍生物单独处理组(p0.05).在用As A、L-NAME分别与2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物共同处理后,同时检测ROS、NO及Ca2+含量,发现三者均显著低于SO2衍生物单独处理组;同理,用EGTA和2.0 mmol·L-1SO2衍生物共同处理后,尽管这时Ca2+水平显著下降,但ROS和NO含量却降低不显著.这一结果表明,NO和ROS在Ca2+的上游,且可能通过NO-Ca2+或者NO-ROS-Ca2+信号途径调节SO2诱导的万寿菊保卫细胞凋亡.     

A市产业部门碳排放分布结构及影响因素研究

本研究在对A市碳排放现状进行分析的基础上,分析了A市碳排放产业分布结构和A市碳排放的驱动因素,并根据分析的结果提出A市实现节能减排目标的政策建议。     

北京1o个常绿树种颗粒物吸附能力研究

大气中颗粒物PM( particuIate matter)不仅造成环境污染,还对人体造成严重的危害.城市绿色植物作为大气过滤器,能够有效地提高城市空气质量,保护人体健康.因此了解不同树种对空气颗粒物的吸附滞纳作用是必要的.以北京植物园10种常绿植被为研究对象,应用空气气溶胶再发生器( QRJZFSQ_I)测定了北京市常见6种乔木和4种灌木叶片对空气总悬浮颗粒物( TSP)﹑PM10﹑PM2.5和PM1.0的吸附能力.结果表明①不同树种叶片表面附着颗粒物的能力差异明显,最高的是雪松( Cedrus deodara)和油松( pinus tabuliformis),吸附量分别是(18.95±0.71)μg.cm-2和(14.61±0.78)μg.cm-2,冷杉( Abies fabri)最小,为(8.02±0.4)μg.cm-2;②不同树种叶片单位面积对不同颗粒物的附着能力也存在差异,附着PM10能力最强的是油松和雪松,附着PM2.5能力最强的是雪松﹑铺地柏( Juniperus procumbens)﹑龙柏( Juniperus chinensis cv. kaizuka)和油松,附着PM1.0能力最强的是雪松﹑铺地柏﹑冷杉和油松;③不同月份叶片上附着的各粒级颗粒物( PM10﹑ PM2.5 )占TSP的比例不同.其中PM10在4~6月之间主要表现两种变化趋势,一是先上升后下降,主要为灌木树种;二是逐渐上升,主要的树种是乔木树种.而PM2.5则没有这种明显的变化趋势.     

砒砂岩修复晋陕蒙能源区铅污染土壤的研究

寻找合适的材料来修复晋陕蒙地区因煤炭、石油和天然气开发导致的土壤重金属污染是该区域环境治理的重要措施.砒砂岩具有较强的吸附性,是可以用于土壤重金属污染修复的潜在材料.本研究通过室内模拟实验来研究土壤中添加砒砂岩对铅形态分布、毒性溶出量(TCLP)的影响及其对土壤孔隙度、pH、田间持水量、土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,砒砂岩可显著降低土壤弱酸提取态铅含量,增加可还原态与残渣态铅含量;随土壤中砒砂岩添加量的增加,高活性态铅的降幅越大低活性态铅的增幅越大.砒砂岩显著降低了土壤铅毒性溶出量,降低程度与砒砂岩添加量成正比.砒砂岩的较强吸附特性及可以提高土壤pH是固化土壤重金属铅的重要因素.此外,砒砂岩对土壤理化性质的改善一定程度上对污染土壤起着改良作用.     

珠江水体中细菌碱性磷酸酶基因phoD的多样性

碱性磷酸酶(APase)是最主要的有机磷水解酶,在无机磷匮乏的情况下,APase释放的无机磷供藻类利用,致使藻类大量繁殖,因此,对APase基因多样性的研究有利于揭示对水体富营养化有重要影响的微生物类群.基于此,本文以珠江水体为研究对象,构建了珠江广州段穗石、坦尾和南沙3个点细菌的pho D基因克隆文库.限制性酶切片段多态性(RFLP)分析结果表明,上述3个点的pho D基因分别含有15、17、13个操作分类单元(Operational Taxa Unit,OTU),穗石点的多样性(Shannon指数和Simpson指数)均高于其他两个点;pho D基因序列系统发育分析表明,珠江水体中pho D基因主要来源于Plesiocystis、Limnohabitans、Pirellula等属的细菌,而Limnohabitans属的pho D基因在文库中含量最高,占文库的44%~50%.研究表明,珠江水体中细菌的pho D基因具有较高的多样性,这些基因编码的碱性磷酸酶可能在珠江水体的富营养化过程中有重要的作用.     

Impact of disinfection on drinking water biofilm bacterial community

Disinfectants are commonly applied to control the growth of microorganisms in drinking water distribution systems. However, the effect of disinfection on drinking water microbial community remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the impacts of different disinfectants (chlorine and chloramine) and dosages on biofilm bacterial community in bench-scale pipe section reactors. Illumina MiSeq sequencing illustrated that disinfection strategy could affect both bacterial diversity and community structure of drinking water biofilm. Proteobacteria tended to predominate in chloraminated drinking water biofilms, while Firmicutes in chlorinated and unchlorinated biofilms. The major proteobacterial groups were influenced by both disinfectant type and dosage. In addition, chloramination had a more profound impact on bacterial community than chlorination.