A Model for Simulating the Soil Organic Carbon Pool of Steppe Ecosystems

In this research, the improved Terrestrial Ecosystem Regional (TECO-R) model was adapted to steppe ecosystems and then utilized to simulate the soil organic carbon pool in the period from 1989 to 2011 (excluding 1994, 2002, 2009, and 2010) for a typical steppe in Xilingol League of Inner Mongolia in China. The improved TECO-R model is an ecological model in combination of remote sensing data, which allows the spatial scale for the analysis of soil organic carbon which is not limited to vegetation or soil type. The spatial and temporal resolution advantages of remote sensing image can be well utilized in this model. The results indicate that in addition to an accurate simulation of the soil carbon pool of a steppe ecosystem, the vegetation aboveground carbon pool, grazing intensity of herbivores, mowing coefficient, litter carbon pool, root carbon pools of different vegetation layers, root-shoot ratio, actual residence time of different carbon pools, and allocation coefficients of different carbon pools in corresponding years are also available from the TECO-R model. Some of the above data are difficult to obtain through macro-observation but can be simulated with the TECO-R model by combining the model with input data; this is very important for a correct understanding of the feedback relationships between the steppe ecosystem’s carbon cycle and climate change (e.g., global warming) and human activities such as grazing.     

柠檬酸对生物炭钝化污染土壤中重金属稳定性的影响

为了研究生物炭(BC)对重金属复合污染土壤的钝化效果以及环境条件变化后钝化产物的稳定性.在受Cd、Pb和Zn污染的土壤中添加不同比例的生物炭进行土培实验,两个月后,添加不同浓度的柠檬酸模拟植物根际环境条件,分析土壤环境条件变化后重金属钝化产物的稳定性.结果表明,与对照组相比,添加生物炭(5%和8%)显著提高了土壤的pH值、阳离子交换容量(CEC)、土壤有机质(SOM),而有效态重金属和重金属毒性浸出浓度均显著降低,且后者低于其国际标准.添加柠檬酸后,土壤pH值随柠檬酸浓度的增加呈现下降趋势;生物炭的添加比例一定时,有效态Cd(DTPA-Cd)和Cd的毒性浸出浓度(TCLP-Cd)随柠檬酸浓度的增加呈现先降低(2 mmol·kg~(-1))后升高(10、20 mmol·kg~(-1))的趋势,而有效铅(DTPA-Pb)和有效态锌(DTPA-Zn)随柠檬酸浓度的增加而上升.柠檬酸浓度一定时,有效态重金属和重金属毒性浸出浓度随生物炭的添加比例的增加而降低,当生物炭的添加比例大于5%时,TCLP-Cd和TCLP-Zn虽有所上升(与无柠檬酸相比),但均低于其国际标准.可见,生物炭可对重金属污染土壤进行有效修复,但随着环境条件的变化,被钝化的重金属会发生解吸和溶解释放,从而增强其生物有效性和环境风险,但当生物炭的添加比例较高时,会一定程度抑制重金属的解吸和溶解释放,Cd和Zn的环境风险仍处于可接受的安全水平.     

Ag/TiO2-SiO2的制备及其光催化降解有机污染物的研究

结合溶胶凝胶法和光还原法制备了Ag/TiO2-SiO2光催化材料,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、N2吸附-脱附曲线、紫外—可见漫反射等测试技术对材料形貌、结构等进行了表征,并测试了其对2×10-5 mol/L亚甲基蓝(MB)溶液及实际废水的光催化降解性能。结果表明,适量的Ag负载可有效提高材料的光催化活性。以Ag负载量为5%(质量分数)的Ag/TiO2-SiO2(记为TS-A5)为例,TS-A5与商用光催化剂P25相比具有更优越的可见光催化活性;在500 W氙灯做为光源条件下,5次重复使用后TS-A5对MB仍能保持较高的光催化活性,应用于实际废水中可使其COD明显下降,表明该材料具有较好的实际应用潜力。     

国际典型可持续发展指标体系分析与借鉴

可持续发展指标体系是表征可持续发展的一个重要工具。本文对有代表性的国际综合性指标体系包括UNCSD、IISD和UNECE-Eurostat-OECD TFSD等进行了对比分析,研究其在一定维度和主题下指标体系构建和指标选取的特点。比较分析了我国近年来绿色发展、生态文明建设和美丽中国建设等评价考核指标体系的指标选取存在的不足,提出了在新时期可持续发展理念下构建我国可持续发展指标体系的有关建议。     

日本促进可持续消费经验的启示

日本相对丰富的促进可持续消费经验对我国正在大力推动绿色生活方式的形成有较好的参考价值。本文介绍了日本循环社会法律框架下循环再生利用法和绿色采购促进法对促进可持续消费的作用,以及可持续消费的最新实践活动,并从循环再生利用法律法规建立、深化公共绿色采购评估、发布面向普通消费者产品清单、建立消费者发声通道、提升消费者意识、促进消费者导向管理等方面提出对我国推动绿色消费的启示。     

Occurrence and sources of antibiotics and their metabolites in river water, WWTPs, and swine wastewater in Jiulongjiang River basin, south China

In this study, the occurrence and sources of five cataloged antibiotics and metabolites were studied in Jiulongjiang River basin, south China. Nineteen antibiotics and 13 metabolites were detected in water samples from 16 river sampling sites, wastewater from 5 swine-raising facilities, and effluent from 5 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). The results showed that 12 antibiotics and 6 metabolites were detected in river water samples. Sulfonamides (SAs) and their metabolites were detected at high concentrations (8.59–158.94 ng/L). Tetracyclines (TCs) and their metabolites were frequently detected in swine wastewater, and the maximum concentration was up to the level in milligram per liter. Macrolides (MLs) and β-lactams (β-Ls) were found in all WWTP effluent samples and some river samples, while they were never found in any of the swine wastewater samples. SAs and quinolones (QNs) were detected in all samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis of 16 surface water samples was applied to achieve the spatial distribution characteristics of antibiotics in the Jiulongjiang River. As a result, two categories were obviously obtained. Principal component analysis and redundancy analysis showed that TCs and SAs as well as their metabolites were the major antibiotics in Jiulongjiang River, and they mainly originated from swine wastewater, while the QNs, MLs, and β-Ls in the Jiulongjiang River came from WWTP effluent.     

加热酸化-Fenton氧化处理乳化液废水

采用加热酸化-Fenton氧化处理乳化液废水,在加酸量为1．0mL98％H2SO4／100mL乳化液、加热温度95℃、加热时间1h条件下,初始COD〉20万mg／L,浊度〉8000NTU的乳化液COD降低到46592mg／L,浊度降低到20NTU,加热和酸化的联合过程达到了良好的破乳效果;破乳后的出水在ρ（Fe2＋）／ρ（H2O2）=1：30、ρ（H2O2）和（COD）=1．4、pH=4的条件下进行Fenton氧化,处理后的出水COD可降到18600mg／L,去除率达61．4％,其B／C可由破乳后的0．11提高到0．43,废水的可生化性大大提高,为后续处理创造了可能。     

连续流气提式反应器中有机物去除和氮转化的行为

以城市污水为处理对象,以絮状污泥为接种污泥,在连续流气提式好氧颗粒污泥流化床(CAFB)反应器中成功培养得到好氧颗粒污泥.探讨了CAFB中颗粒污泥的形成过程、生物多样性、有机物的去除行为及氮转化特性.研究结果表明,CAFB运行第7天颗粒污泥占主要优势,系统中依次出现原、后生动物,表明颗粒污泥趋于成熟.CAFB反应器中培养的好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的COD及NH4+-N去除能力.稳定运行阶段,当进水的COD容积负荷在1.5 ～3.5 kg COD/(m3·d)的范围时,COD的去除负荷稳定在1.0～2.0 kg COD/(m3·d).控制水力停留时间为(4 ±0.25)h、溶解氧质量浓度为(5 ±0.5) mg/L,可达到最高的硝化效率,但此控制条件下反硝化作用不明显.分析认为,作为完全混合式反应器的CAFB,需要较严格的控制溶解氧才能实现同步硝化反硝化作用.     

好氧颗粒污泥系统中丝状菌演替规律及其菌丝缠绕特性分析

为达到固液分离的目的,在SBR中将丝状菌颗粒化.研究发现,反应器中相继出现黄色、黑色和白色3种丝状菌颗粒.3种颗粒中,黑色颗粒和白色颗粒孔隙率基本一致,但黑色颗粒粒径远远大于其他2种颗粒,沉速达最大.对3种颗粒和反应器出水进行了丝状菌菌种鉴定,其中黑色颗粒以真菌为主,白色颗粒以微丝菌为主,黄色颗粒为浮球衣菌和Type0041,出水中除以上菌种外还有其他菌种,如Type0581.研究结果表明:丝状菌以弯曲、分支、不规则生长方式易形成丝状化颗粒;单一丝状菌相互缠绕形成的颗粒的强度高于多种丝状菌所形成的丝状菌颗粒.     

上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘组分特征及来源解析

分析了上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘的化学组分,并采用化学质量平衡模型进行了道路扬尘的源解析。结果表明,上海市中心城区主干道道路扬尘的主要化学组分为Si(18.285 0%(质量分数,下同))、Ca(5.772 2%)、Al(2.460 6%)、Fe(2.345 8%)、Mg(0.889 3%)、K(0.846 4%)、Na(0.785 6%)等地壳元素;源解析结果表明,道路扬尘的首要污染来源是建筑尘(贡献率为34.4%),其次是土壤风沙尘(贡献率为32.6%)、渣土尘(贡献率为20.8%)、机动车尾气尘(贡献率为0.8%)。土壤风沙尘、建筑尘和渣土尘是道路扬尘主要的供应者(贡献率合计超过80%)。