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871.
de O. Salomón Yamil L. Georgin Jordana Franco Dison S. P. Netto Matias S. Foletto Edson L. Piccilli Daniel G. A. Sellaoui Lotfi Dotto Guilherme L. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(7):8036-8049
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - This study investigates, for the first time, the applicability of seed pods from Capparis flexuosa as an alternative biosorbent to remove methylene... 相似文献
872.
Daniel Ludwinski Kent Moriarty Bruce Wydick 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2011,13(4):657-676
Improved wood-burning stoves offer a possible solution that can simultaneously impact both problems of deforestation and problems
of respiratory health in developing countries. We carried out a field experiment in which new fuel-efficient woodstoves were
allocated in a Guatemalan village via the use of a lottery. A 2008 baseline survey was carried out on 2,148 individuals in
351 households, and then a follow-up survey was carried out in 2009, 4 months after households received the stoves. We found
that households with the new stoves reduced wood consumption by an average of 59.1%. We also found indications of reductions
in indoor air related health problems, where point estimates indicate a significant reduction in reported respiratory symptoms
by 48.6% among women and 63.3% among children. 相似文献
873.
John A. Simon Stew Abrams Tim Bradburne Dan Bryant Matthew Burns Daniel Cassidy John Cherry Sheau‐Yun Chiang Douglas Cox Michelle Crimi Elizabeth Denly Bill DiGuiseppi Jim Fenstermacher Stephanie Fiorenza Joseph Guarnaccia Nathan Hagelin Linda Hall John Hesemann Erika Houtz Stephen S. Koenigsberg Francois Lauzon Jeffrey Longsworth Tom Maher Angus McGrath Ravi Naidu Charles J. Newell Beth L. Parker Tadbir Singh Paul Tomiczek Rick Wice 《补救:环境净化治理成本、技术与工艺杂志》2019,29(4):31-48
Sixty leading members of the scientific, engineering, regulatory, and legal communities assembled for the PFAS Experts Symposium in Arlington, Virginia on May 20 and 21, 2019 to discuss issues related to per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) based on the quickly evolving developments of PFAS regulations, chemistry and analytics, transport and fate concepts, toxicology, and remediation technologies. The Symposium created a venue for experts with various specialized skills to provide opinions and trade perspectives on existing and new approaches to PFAS assessment and remediation in light of lessons learned managing other contaminants encountered over the past four decades. The following summarizes several consensus points developed as an outcome of the Symposium:
- Regulatory and policy issues: The response by many states and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to media exposure and public pressure related to PFAS contamination is to relatively quickly initiate programs to regulate PFAS sites. This includes the USEPA establishing relatively low lifetime health advisory levels for PFAS in drinking water and even more stringent guidance and standards in several states. In addition, if PFAS are designated as hazardous substances at the federal level, as proposed by several Congressional bills, there could be wide‐reaching effects including listing of new Superfund sites solely for PFAS, application of stringent state standards, additional characterization and remediation at existing sites, reopening of closed sites, and cost renegotiation among PRPs.
- Chemistry and analytics: PFAS analysis is confounded by the lack of regulatory‐approved methods for most PFAS in water and all PFAS in solid media and air, interference with current water‐based analytical methods if samples contain high levels of suspended solids, and sample collection and analytical interference due to the presence of PFAS in common consumer products, sampling equipment, and laboratory materials.
- Toxicology and risk: Uncertainties remain related to human health and ecological effects for most PFAS; however, regulatory standards and guidance are being established incorporating safety factors that result in part per trillion (ppt) cleanup objectives. Given the thousands of PFAS that may be present in the environment, a more appropriate paradigm may be to develop toxicity criteria for groups of PFAS rather than individual PFAS.
- Transport and fate: The recalcitrance of many perfluoroalkyl compounds and the capability of some fluorotelomers to transform into perfluoroalkyl compounds complicate conceptual site models at many PFAS sites, particularly those involving complex mixtures, such as firefighting foams. Research is warranted to better understand the physicochemical properties and corresponding transport and fate of most PFAS, of branched and linear isomers of the same compounds, and of the interactions of PFAS with other co‐contaminants such as nonaqueous phase liquids. Many PFAS exhibit complex transport mechanisms, particularly at the air/water interface, and it is uncertain whether traditional transport principles apply to the ppt levels important to PFAS projects. Existing analytical methods are sufficient when combined with the many advances in site characterization techniques to move rapidly forward at selected sites to develop and test process‐based conceptual site models.
- Existing remediation technologies and research: Current technologies largely focus on separation (sorption, ion exchange, or sequestration). Due to diversity in PFAS properties, effective treatment will likely require treatment trains. Monitored natural attenuation will not likely involve destructive reactions, but be driven by processes such as matrix diffusion, sorption, dispersion, and dilution.
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876.
Forest restoration at large scales, or landscapes, is an approach that is increasingly relevant to the practice of environmental conservation. However, implementation remains a challenge; poor monitoring and lesson learning lead to similar mistakes being repeated. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the global conservation organization, recently took stock of its 10 years of implementation of forest landscape restoration. A significant body of knowledge has emerged from the work of the WWF and its partners in the different countries, which can be of use to the wider conservation community, but for this to happen, lessons need to be systematically collected and disseminated in a coherent manner to the broader conservation and development communities and, importantly, to policy makers. We use this review of the WWF’s experiences and compare and contrast it with other relevant and recent literature to highlight 11 important lessons for future large-scale forest restoration interventions. These lessons are presented using a stepwise approach to the restoration of forested landscapes. We identify the need for long-term commitment and funding, and a concerted and collaborative effort for successful forest landscape restoration. Our review highlights that monitoring impact within landscape-scale forest restoration remains inadequate. We conclude that forest restoration within landscapes is a challenging yet important proposition that has a real but undervalued place in environmental conservation in the twenty-first century. 相似文献
877.
Daniel F. Viana Stefan Gelcich Erendira Aceves-Bueno Becky Twohey Steven D. Gaines 《Conservation biology》2019,33(2):361-368
Small-scale fisheries collectively have a large ecological footprint and are key sources of food security, especially in developing countries. Many of the data-intensive approaches to fishery management are infeasible in these fisheries, but a strategy that has emerged to overcome these challenges is the establishment of territorial user rights for fisheries (TURFs). In this approach, exclusive fishing zones are established for groups of stakeholders, which eliminates the race to fish with other groups. A key challenge, however, is setting the size of TURFs—too large and the number of stakeholders sharing them impedes collective action, and too small and the movement of target fish species in and out of the TURFs effectively removes the community's exclusive access. We assessed the size of 137 TURFs from across the globe relative to this design challenge by applying theoretical models that predict their performance. We estimated that roughly two-thirds of these TURFs were sized ideally to overcome the challenges posed by resource movement and fisher group size. However, for most of the remaining TURFs, all possible sizes were either too small to overcome the resource-movement challenge or too large to overcome the collective action challenge. Our results suggest these fisheries, which target mobile species in densely populated regions, may need additional interventions to be successful. 相似文献
878.
Coupled bio-physical models of larval dispersal predict that the Costa Rica–Panama (CR–PAN) reefs should constitute a demographically
isolated region in the western Caribbean. We tested the hypothesis that CR–PAN coral reef fish populations would be isolated
from Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) populations. To test that, we assessed population genetic structure in bicolor
damselfish (Stegastes partitus) from both regions. Adult fish were genotyped from five reefs in CR–PAN and from four reefs along the MBRS at 12 microsatellite
loci. Between-region F
ST (F
ST = 0.0030, P < 0.005) and exact test (x
2 = 74.34, df = 18, P < 0.0001) results indicated that there is weak but significant genetic differentiation between regions, suggesting some restriction
in connectivity along the Central American coastline, as predicted by bio-oceanographic models. Additionally, there is among-site
genetic structure in the CR–PAN region, relative to the MBRS and between regions, suggesting higher self-recruitment within
CR–PAN. This finding may be explained by differences in habitat characteristics. 相似文献
879.
Marcela Nováková Barbora Vašáková Hana Kutalová Katarina Galeštoková Klára Průšová Petr Šmilauer Radim Šumbera Daniel Frynta 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(3):371-379
Spiny mice of the genus Acomys (Muridae) represent a very suitable mammalian model for studying factors influencing the secondary sex ratio (SSR). The maternal
effort in these rodents is extremely biased in favour of the prenatal period and, therefore, maternal manipulation of the
SSR is potentially more advantageous. We studied the SSR in four populations/species of spiny mice kept in family groups consisting
of two closely related females, one non-relative male and their descendants. The groups were established from founding animals
aged about 3 months (maturing age) and were allowed to breed freely for several months. Each litter was sexed after birth,
and relevant data were thoroughly recorded. Altogether, data were collected on 1684 litters: 189 of Acomys sp. from Iran, 203 of A. cilicicus, 875 of A. cahirinus, and 417 of A. dimidiatus. We recorded the sex of 4048 newborns of which 1995 were males and 2053 were females. The overall sex ratio was close to
1:1 (49.2%). Generalized linear mixed models and/or generalized linear models were constructed to evaluate the effect of four
life history and eight social variables on the sex ratio. No consistent effects of these variables on the sex ratio were found
and, interestingly, none of the variables associated with maternal life history had any effect on the sex ratio. Three factors
associated with group composition (i.e. the number of immature males, the number of immature females and the number of breeding
females) did have significant effects on the sex ratio, but these effects were not consistent across the studied species.
In conclusion, our evaluation of this large dataset revealed that the sex ratio in spiny mice is surprisingly stable. 相似文献
880.