编制企业事故应急预案的实践与探索

企业编制事故应急预案是在新形势下面临的新任务，也是《安全生产法》赋予企业的责任。通过介绍编制《事故应急预案与急救措施》的具体实践，探索了一些编制事故应急预案的程序和原则。     

Effects of cadmium on the activities of photosystems of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and the protective role of cyclic electron flow

Cadmium (Cd) shows high toxicity to aquatic microalgae. Many studies showed that Cd inhibited activities of photosystem II (PSII) but the effects of heavy metals on photosystem I (PSI) and cyclic electron flow (CEF) were still controversial and unclear. The effects of CdCl₂ on the activities of PSI, PSII and CEF in Chlorella pyrenoidosa was measured simultaneously in the present study. In presence of 200 μM of Cd, ultrastructure of some cells was strongly modified. Cd exposure led to decrease of the activities of photosynthetic oxygen evolution and respiration. PSII was more sensitive to Cd treatment than PSI. Cd treatment showed significant inhibition on the photochemical quantum yield and electron transport rate of PSII. Cd increased the quantum yield of non-light-induced non-photochemical fluorescence quenching, indicating the damage of PSII. The activity of PSI showed tolerance to Cd treatment with concentration less than 100 μM in the experiment. Linear electron flow (LEF) made significant contribution to the photochemical quantum yield of PSI of the untreated cells, but decreased with increasing Cd concentration. The contribution of CEF to the yield of PSI increased with increasing Cd concentration. The activation of CEF after exposure to Cd played an essential role for the protection of PSI.     

Remediation of Cr(VI) from chromium slag by biocementation

Here we demonstrate a calcifying ureolytic bacterium Bacillus sp. CS8 for the bioremediation of chromate (Cr(VI)) from chromium slag based on microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP). A consolidated structure like bricks was prepared from chromium slags using bacterial cells, and five stage Cr(VI) sequential extraction was carried out to know their distribution pattern. Cr(VI) mobility was found to significantly be decreased in the exchangeable fraction of Cr slag and subsequently, the Cr(VI) concentration was markedly increased in carbonated fraction after bioremediation. It was found that such Cr slag bricks developed high compressive strength with low permeability. Further, leaching behavior of Cr(VI) in the Cr slag was studied by column tests and remarkable decrease in Cr(VI) concentration was noticed after bioremediation. Cr slags from columns were characterized by SEM–EDS confirming MICP process in bioremediation. The incorporation of Cr(VI) into the calcite surface forms a strong complex that leads to obstruction in Cr(VI) release into the environment. As China is facing chromium slag accidents at the regular time intervals, the technology discussed in the present study promises to provide effective and economical treatment of such sites across the country, however, it can be used globally.     

藻菌生物膜胞外聚合物(EPS)与Al3+的配位作用机理

利用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)和傅立叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)研究了藻菌生物膜EPS与Al3+的相互作用机理.3DEEM结果表明,生物膜EPS含有3个荧光峰.其中,峰A(Ex/Em=225～235 nm/300～330 nm)和峰B(Ex/Em=275～280nm/325～330 nm)荧光较强,属类蛋白峰,峰C(Ex/Em=335 nm/432～434 nm)荧光较弱,属类腐殖酸峰.峰A和峰B都能不同程度地被Al3+猝灭,它们的条件稳定常数(logK)分别为5.89和6.95.Al3+-EPS体系的峰A和峰B荧光强度明显受溶液pH值的影响.在pH为2～4之间时,荧光强度随pH的增大而增大,在4～7之间随pH的增大而减小,在7～11之间随pH增大而增大.FTIR光谱网分析表明,Al3+主要与EPS中所含的-NH-、C=O等发生强的配位作用.     

海藻酸钙固定混合SRB菌群力学生物吸附Ni2+的动力学

利用海藻酸钙为载体包埋固定化硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)混合菌群,研究了固定化微生物吸附重金属镍离子的动力学特性.结果表明:固定化混合SRB菌群对Ni2+具有良好的吸附性能,最大吸附容量qm高达931.9 mg(Ni2+)/g(SRB)颗粒,是一种颇具应用前景的生物吸附剂.固定化SRB吸附Ni2+的动力学过程可以用准二次动力学方程描述,整个吸附过程可以明显地分为两个阶段,即物理化学吸附阶段和生物沉淀阶段.扩散动力学研究表明,固定化颗粒的内扩散并非是唯一控制吸附速率的机制,整个吸附过程涉及到多种吸附机制.图4表3参14     

EDTA对波士顿蕨吸收Hg的影响及其光合响应

采用水培实验方法研究EDTA对波士顿蕨吸收和转移Hg的影响,以及波士顿蕨对Hg及Hg和EDTA胁迫下光合系统II(PSII)的响应.结果显示:波斯顿蕨的根部能富集Hg,加入EDTA可以提高Hg从其根部转移到地上部分.单独Hg处理略微抑制了叶绿素的合成,Hg或Hg与EDTA处理对叶绿素的合成没有明显的影响.Hg或Hg与EDTA对植物的光合作用产生一定程度的胁迫作用.Hg单独处理或Hg与EDTA一起处理都导致了植物光合效能指数下降,干扰光系统II中的能量转移,将部分反应中心被转化为能耗中心,在一定程度上抑制了光系统II中的电子传递.     

Assessment of uranium migration and pollution sources in river sediments of the Ili River Basin using multiply statistical techniques

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Uranium (U) is a highly toxic radioactive element and limited to < 30 μg/L in drinking water by the World Health Organization. In this...     

Bioremediation of strontium (Sr) contaminated aquifer quartz sand based on carbonate precipitation induced by Sr resistant Halomonas sp

Contamination of aquifers or sediments by radioactive strontium (⁹⁰Sr) is a significant environmental problem. In the present study, microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) was evaluated for its potential to remediate strontium from aquifer quartz sand. A Sr resistant urease producing Halomonas sp. was characterized for its potential role in bioremediation. The bacterial strain removed 80% of Sr from soluble-exchangeable fraction of aquifer quartz sand. X-ray diffraction detected calcite, vaterite and aragonite along with calcite-strontianite (SrCO₃) solid solution in bioremediated sample with indications that Sr was incorporated into the calcite. Scanning electron micrography coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray further confirmed MICP process in remediation. The study showed that MICP sequesters soluble strontium as biominerals and could play an important role in strontium bioremediation from both ecological and greener point of view.     

NaCl与Cd对小球藻光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)活性的影响

运用叶绿素荧光技术分析了盐胁迫和重金属镉(Cd)对蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的影响理.实验中小球藻培养基设置NaCl浓度梯度分别为0、25、100 mmol/L,然后在不同NaCl浓度的培养基中再加入CdCl2溶液,使培养基中Cd2+的浓度分别为0、1、25、100μmol/L.在处理后的1、3、6、12、24 h测定其快速上升荧光曲线和荧光参数.实验发现,高浓度的NaCl(≥25 mmol/L)和Cd(≥25μmol/L)会降低PS的活性,降低应中度.NaCl抑制了依赖于光的应,降低了光能捕获和用于电子传递的量子产额.Cd作用于应中,增加了单应中吸收的光能和用于热耗散的能量.较低浓度(1μmol/L)的Cd处理对小球藻PS活性有作用.NaCl和Cd的处理均体现了时间和浓度的依赖性.盐胁迫和Cd胁迫体现了随浓度增高加重彼此胁迫强度的协同作用的特点.     

Biosorption of Cu(II) to extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Synechoeystis sp.: a fluorescence quenching study

Biosorption of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Synechocystis sp. (cyanobacterium) with Cu(II) was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy. Three fluorescence peaks were found in the excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of EPS. Fluorescence of peak A (Ex/Em = 275/452 nm) and peak C (Ex/Em = 350/452 nm) were originated from humic-like substances and fluorescence of peak B (Ex/ Em = 275/338 nm) was attributed to protein-like substances. Fluorescence of peaks A, B, and C could be quenched by Cu(II). The effective quenching constants (lg K_a) were 2.8?C5.84 for peak A, 6.4?C9.24 for peak B, and 3.48?C6.68 for peak C, respectively. The values of lg K_a showed a decreasing trend with increasing temperature, indicating that the quenching processes were static in nature. The binding constants (lg K_b) followed the order of peak A>peak B>peak C, implying that the humic-like substances in EPS have greater Cu(II) binding capacity than the protein-like substances. The binding site number, n, in EPS-Cu(II) complexes for peaks A, B, and C was less than 1. This suggests the negative cooperativity between multiple binding sites and the presence of more than one Cu binding site.