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951.
Does safety climate moderate the influence of staffing adequacy and work conditions on nurse injuries? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mark BA Hughes LC Belyea M Chang Y Hofmann D Jones CB Bacon CT 《Journal of Safety Research》2007,38(4):431-446
PROBLEM: Hospital nurses have one of the highest work-related injury rates in the United States. Yet, approaches to improving employee safety have generally focused on attempts to modify individual behavior through enforced compliance with safety rules and mandatory participation in safety training. We examined a theoretical model that investigated the impact on nurse injuries (back injuries and needlesticks) of critical structural variables (staffing adequacy, work engagement, and work conditions) and further tested whether safety climate moderated these effects. METHOD: A longitudinal, non-experimental, organizational study, conducted in 281 medical-surgical units in 143 general acute care hospitals in the United States. RESULTS: Work engagement and work conditions were positively related to safety climate, but not directly to nurse back injuries or needlesticks. Safety climate moderated the relationship between work engagement and needlesticks, while safety climate moderated the effect of work conditions on both needlesticks and back injuries, although in unexpected ways. DISCUSSION AND IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Our findings suggest that positive work engagement and work conditions contribute to enhanced safety climate and can reduce nurse injuries. 相似文献
952.
Unlike any other foraging phyllostomid bat studied to date, Poey’s flower bats (Phyllonycteris poeyi-Phyllostomidae) emit relatively long (up to 7.2 ms), intense, single-harmonic echolocation calls. These calls are readily
detectable at distances of at least 15 m. Furthermore, the echolocation calls contain only the first harmonic, which is usually
filtered out in the vocal tract of phyllostomids. The foraging echolocation calls of P. poeyi are more like search-phase echolocation calls of sympatric aerial-feeding bats (Molossidae, Vespertilionidae, Mormoopidae).
Intense, long, narrowband, single-harmonic echolocation calls focus acoustic energy maximizing range and favoring detection,
which may be particularly important for cruising bats, like P. poeyi, when flying in the open. Flying in enclosed spaces, P. poeyi emit short, low-intensity, frequency-modulated, multiharmonic echolocation calls typical of other phyllostomids. This is
the first report of a phyllostomid species emitting long, intense, single-harmonic echolocation calls with most energy in
the first harmonic. 相似文献
953.
954.
Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd/D lattice: emission of charged particles 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Almost two decades ago, Fleischmann and Pons reported excess enthalpy generation in the negatively polarized Pd/D-D2O system, which they attributed to nuclear reactions. In the months and years that followed, other manifestations of nuclear
activities in this system were observed, viz. tritium and helium production and transmutation of elements. In this report,
we present additional evidence, namely, the emission of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode
when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field. The density of tracks registered by
a CR-39 detector was found to be of a magnitude that provides undisputable evidence of their nuclear origin. The experiments
were reproducible. A model based upon electron capture is proposed to explain the reaction products observed in the Pd/D-D2O system.
相似文献
Pamela A. Mosier-BossEmail: |
955.
INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the implementation of a second phase training program for novice drivers in Spain, which puts the primary focus of the training on the higher hierarchical levels of driver behavior. METHOD: Two hundred and sixty-three participants took part throughout the study, which was implemented as an experimental design with the test and control groups assessed before and after the one day safety training. Measurement of the impact of the training program focused on the participants' self-evaluation and self-reporting of some driving behavior indicators related to accident risk. RESULTS: Data analysis showed a change in the expected direction in the scale related to the skills for careful driving, but not for the other four scales considered. A feedback survey about the training course offered some important input for evaluating the organization, contents, tuition, and results of the three parts of the training program (discussion group, on-road and track training) as reported by the participants in the test group. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS: The results of the experiment show that using a one day driver safety course, it is possible to change some of the drivers' evaluations connected to safe driving style into safe direction. The follow-up period was exceptionally long (9 months) and the design (randomly divided experimental and control groups with before and after measurements) was reliable. More effort should be devoted to improving the on-road part of the training, which was often perceived as a typical driving lesson rather than a feedback drive. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The findings suggest consideration of a mandatory 2nd phase driver training programme as a means to raise awareness of the full range of risks encountered by novice drivers, and as already introduced in 5 EU countries: Austria, Estonia, Finland, Luxembourg and Switzerland. 相似文献
956.
Objective
To examine parental decisions about vehicles driven by teenagers and parental knowledge of vehicle safety.Methods
About 300 parents were interviewed during spring 2006 in Minnesota, North Carolina, and Rhode Island while teenagers took their first on-road driving tests.Results
Fewer than half of parents surveyed said teenagers would be the primary drivers of the chosen vehicles. Parents most often cited safety, existing family vehicle, and reliability when explaining the choices for their teenagers’ vehicles. About half of the vehicles intended for teenagers were small/mini/sports cars, pickups, or SUVs — vehicles considered less safe for teenagers than midsize/large cars or minivans. A large majority of vehicles were 2001 models or earlier. Vehicles purchased in anticipation of adding a new driver to the family were more likely to be the sizes/types considered less safe than vehicles already owned. Few parents insisted on side airbags or electronic stability control, despite strong evidence of their safety benefits. Even when asked to identify ideal vehicles for their teenagers to drive, about half of parents identified less safe vehicle sizes/types. Most parents knew that midsize/large vehicles are safer than small vehicles, and at least half of parents said SUVs and pickups are not safe for teenage drivers, citing instability.Conclusions
The majority of parents understood some of the important criteria for choosing safe vehicles for their teenagers. However, parents actually selected many vehicles for teenagers that provide inferior crash protection.Impact on industry
Vehicle safety varies substantially by vehicle size, type, and safety features. Many teenagers are driving inferior vehicles in terms of crashworthiness and crash avoidance. 相似文献957.
PROBLEM: Age and gender are frequently controlled for in studies of driving performance, but the effects of time of day or circadian cycles on performance are often not considered. Previous research on time of day effects of simulated driving is contradictory and provides little guidance for understanding the impact of these variables on results. METHODS: Using driving simulator data from 79 subjects ages 18 to 65, this paper focuses on the impact of age, gender, and time of day on the simulated driving performance of subjects who self-selected the time of participation. RESULTS: Time of day effects were consistently evident for drivers' speed overall and across different simulated environments. Drivers in the late afternoon period consistently drove significantly slower than drivers in other time periods. Age and gender affected speed such that women and those participants 50 and older tended to drive more slowly. Time of day also had an effect on reaction time and on speed variability measures. Gender did not have significant effects on reaction time or variability measures, but age effects were present. SUMMARY: Taken together, the results suggest that time of day effects should be considered as part of simulated driving performance, and that interactions between time of day and other variables, notably age, should be controlled for as part of future research. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Implications of these findings on current efforts for older driver testing are discussed. 相似文献
958.
Jayant A. Sathaye Kenneth Andrasko 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):971-1000
Climate change programs have largely used the project-specific approach for estimating baseline emissions of climate mitigation
projects. This approach is subjective, lacks transparency, can generate inconsistent baselines for similar projects, and is
likely to have high transaction costs. The use of regional baselines, which partially addresses these issues, has been reported
in the literature on forestry and agriculture projects, and in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation program guidance for them (e.g.,
WRI/WBCSD GHG Project Protocol, USDOE’s 1605(b) registry, UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism). This paper provides an assessment
of project-specific and regional baselines approaches for key baseline tasks, using project and program examples. The regional
experience to date is then synthesized into generic steps that are referred to as Stratified Regional Baselines (SRB). Regional
approaches generally, and SRB in particular explicitly acknowledge the heterogeneity of carbon density, land use change, and
other key baseline driver variables across a landscape. SRB focuses on providing guidance on how to stratify lands into parcels
with relatively homogeneous characteristics to estimate conservative baselines within a GHG assessment boundary, by applying
systematic methods to determine the boundary and time period for input data.
相似文献
Kenneth AndraskoEmail: |
959.
In this study, landmark-based methods of geometric morphometrics are used for investigating the main aspects of cranial shape transformation in the evolution of the giant panda, Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Specifically, we explore if the highly derived cranial adaptations for bamboo feeding of the living panda were developed early in the panda's lineage. Results obtained show that the overall cranial morphologies of the oldest known panda, the "pygmy" Ailuropoda microta, and the late Pleistocene Ailuropoda baconi are both very similar to that of their closest living relative, A. melanoleuca, which agrees with a previous proposal based on qualitative criteria. However, we also describe several differences between the crania of A. microta, A. baconi, and A. melanoleuca, including the development of the postorbital process, the orientation of the occipital region, and the expansion of the braincase. As a result, the cranial morphology of A. microta shows a less specialized morphology toward a fibrous and durophagous diet compared to the giant panda. These results are confirmed by a comparative analysis of the dimensions of the upper teeth in bears, which has revealed differences in relative tooth size between A. microta and A. melanoleuca, most probably as a result of mosaic evolution. Therefore, we conclude that cranial shape did not remain essentially uniform in the Ailuropoda lineage, as previously thought, but underwent a number of changes during more than 2?Myr. 相似文献
960.
Leclaire S Merkling T Raynaud C Giacinti G Bessière JM Hatch SA Danchin E 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2011,98(7):615-624
The importance of olfaction in birds’ social behavior has long been denied. Avian chemical signaling has thus been relatively
unexplored. The black-legged kittiwake provides a particularly appropriate model for investigating this topic. Kittiwakes
preferentially mate with genetically dissimilar individuals, but the cues used to assess genetic characteristics remain unknown.
As in other vertebrates, their body odors may carry individual and sexual signatures thus potentially reliably signaling individual
genetic makeup. Here, we test whether body odors in preen gland secretion and preen down feathers in kittiwakes may provide
a sex and an individual signature. Using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, we found that male and female odors differ
quantitatively, suggesting that scent may be one of the multiple cues used by birds to discriminate between sexes. We further
detected an individual signature in the volatile and nonvolatile fractions of preen secretion and preen down feathers. These
results suggest that kittiwake body odor may function as a signal associated with mate recognition. It further suggests that
preen odor might broadcast the genetic makeup of individuals, and could be used in mate choice to assess the genetic compatibility
of potential mates. 相似文献