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241.
One of the major challenges in developing an effective phytoremediation technology for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) contaminated soils is limited plant uptake resulting from low solubility of TNT. The effectiveness of urea as a solubilizing agent in increasing plant uptake of TNT in hydroponic systems has been documented. Our preliminary greenhouse experiments using urea were also very promising, but further characterization of the performance of urea in highly-complex soil-solution was necessary. The present study investigated the natural retention capacity of four chemically variant soils and optimized the factors influencing the effectiveness of urea in enhancing TNT solubility in the soil solutions. Results show that the extent of TNT sorption and desorption varies with the soil properties, and is mainly dependent on soil organic matter (SOM) content. Hysteretic desorption of TNT in all tested soils suggests irreversible sorption of TNT and indicates the need of using an extractant to increase the release of TNT in soil solutions. Urea significantly (p < 0.0001) enhanced TNT extraction from all soils, by increasing its solubility at the solid/liquid interface. Soil organic matter content and urea application rates showed significant effects, whereas pH did not exert any significant effect on urea catalysis of TNT extraction from soil. The optimum urea application rates (125 or 350 mg kg−1) for maximizing TNT extraction were within the limits set by the agronomic fertilizer-N rates used for major agricultural crops. The data obtained from this batch study will facilitate the optimization of a chemically-catalyzed phytoremediation model for cleaning up TNT-contaminated soils. 相似文献
242.
P. Nissenson D. Dabdub R. Das V. Maurino C. Minero D. Vione 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(38):4859-4866
Experiments are conducted to determine the effect of a cage of water molecules on the photolysis quantum yields of nitrate, FeOH2+, and H2O2. Results suggest that the quantum yields of nitrate and FeOH2+ are decreased by the recombination of photo-fragments ( OH + NO2 and Fe2+ + OH, respectively) before they leave the surrounding cage of water molecules. However, no evidence is found for an enhanced quantum yield for H2O2. Therefore, the photolysis of nitrate and FeOH2+ could be enhanced if the cage of the solvent molecules is incomplete, as is the case at the air–water interface of atmospheric droplets. The photolysis rate constant distribution within nitrate, FeOH2+, and H2O2 aerosols is calculated by combining the expected quantum yield data in the bulk and at the interface with Mie theory calculations of light intensity. The photolysis rate constant of nitrate and FeOH2+ would be significantly higher at the surface than in the bulk if quantum yields are enhanced at the surface. In the case of H2O2, the photolysis rate constant would be enhanced by surface accumulation. The results concerning the expected rates of photolysis of these photoactive species are applied to the assessment of the reaction between benzene and OH in the presence of OH scavengers in an atmospherically relevant scenario. For a droplet of 1 μm radius, a large fraction of the total OH-benzene reaction (15% for H2O2, 20% for nitrate, and 35% for FeOH2+) would occur in the surface layer, which accounts for just 0.15% of the droplet volume. 相似文献
243.
Susceptibility of epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida to agricultural application of six insecticides 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ecotoxicological risks of agricultural application of six insecticides to soil organisms were evaluated by acute toxicity tests under laboratory condition following OECD guidelines using the epigeic earthworm Eisenia fetida as the test organism. The organochlorine insecticide endosulfan (LC50 - 0.002 mg kg−1) and the carbamate insecticides aldicarb (LC50 - 9.42 mg kg−1) and carbaryl (LC50 - 14.81 mg kg−1) were found ecologically most dangerous because LC50 values of these insecticides were lower than the respective recommended agricultural dose (RAD). Although E. fetida was found highly susceptible to the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin (LC50 - 0.054 mg kg−1), the value was higher than its RAD. The organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos (LC50 - 28.58 mg kg−1), and monocrotophos (LC50 - 39.75 mg kg−1) were found less toxic and ecologically safe because the LC50 values were much higher than their respective RAD. 相似文献
244.
Das KC 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2008,28(10):1785-1790
Alkaline digestion of animal carcasses is gaining popularity as a method of disposing of animals because of its very effective pathogen control and general ease of operation. Once completed, the resulting high-strength effluent can be released into the municipal sewer systems. In some cases where the municipal system is unable to handle this high-strength wastewater, alternate methods of treatment are required. Co-composting with a low-moisture substrate such as yard trimmings can be an effective option. This paper reports the results of absorption tests to determine the amount of digester effluent (from the Tissue Digestortrade mark process) that can be added to yard waste before leachate production begins. In addition, a low dosage of liquid effluent was added to yard trimmings and composted in laboratory bioreactors. Results show that leachate production begins when 0.6L-effluent is added per kg-unamended yard waste at an original moisture content of 55.6%. The amount of leachate produced increases exponentially following the empirical equation: leachate in mL/kg=0.145 e(6.007Effluent dosage in L/kg) (valid in the effluent addition range of 0-1.2L/kg). Composting of yard waste with effluent showed that the initial pH did not inhibit microbial activity up to 9.39 pH. Variability was high and there was no statistically significant difference in dry matter degradation between treatments (measured range was 1.3-6.0% of initial dry matter). Final compost had nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of approximately 1% and 0.1%, respectively. The potassium concentration increased with increasing effluent addition and was 1.84% in the 0.2-L/kg treatment. All regulated heavy metals were several-fold below US EPA limits. 相似文献
245.
The presence of heavy metals (Cr, Ni and Fe) in soil and accumulated by herbs, shrubs and trees regenerated naturally on the minewaste-dumps of Sukinda chromite mines (TISCO sector) were investigated. There was significant correlationship between Cr and Fe in the soil where a tree species (Catunaregam spinosa) occurred. Guazuma ulmifolia and Diospyros montana also did show significant correlation between leaf, stem and soil for Cr, Ni and Fe. Among the shrubs (Calotropis gigantea, Chromolaena odorata, Phyllanthus reticulatus and Woodfordia fruticosa) significant and positive correlations were obtained for Cr and Ni in soil and iron and nickel in leaf and chromium and nickel in stem. Among the annual herbs, whole plant of tephrosia purpurea and Borrevia articularis showed significant and positive correlation with chromium and nickel with the maximum correlation coefficient value. It was concluded that the above information would be useful in revegetation programmes in subtropical regions having seasonal rainfall. 相似文献
246.
Taggart MA Cuthbert R Das D Sashikumar C Pain DJ Green RE Feltrer Y Shultz S Cunningham AA Meharg AA 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,147(1):60-65
Gyps vultures across India are declining rapidly and the NSAID diclofenac has been shown to be the major cause. Vultures scavenge livestock carcasses that have been treated with diclofenac within the days preceding death. We present data on diclofenac disposition in Indian cow and goat, and field data on the prevalence of diclofenac in carcases in the environment. In the disposition experiment, animals were treated with a single intramuscular injection of diclofenac at 1000 microg kg-1 bw. In cow, diclofenac was detectable in liver, kidney and intestine up to 71 h post-treatment; in plasma, half-life was 12.2 h. In goat, tissue residues were undetectable after 26 h. Prevalence of diclofenac in liver from 36 dead livestock collected in the field was 13.9%. Data suggest that diclofenac residues in Indian cow and goat are short-lived, but diclofenac prevalence in carcasses available to vultures may still be very high. 相似文献
247.
This paper deals with the incident of the excessive use of chlorine and leakage of unused chlorine from an industrial chlorination
cistern and the lesson learned. 相似文献
248.
Pal A Nayak B Das B Hossain MA Ahamed S Chakraborti D 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(10):1067-1070
In arsenic contaminated areas of the Ganga-Meghna-Brahmaputra (GMB) plain (area 569,749 sq. km; population over 500 million) where traditionally cow dung cake is used as a fuel in unventilated ovens for cooking purposes, people are simply exposed to 1859.2 ng arsenic per day through direct inhalation, of which 464.8 ng could be absorbed in respiratory tract. 相似文献
249.
Dutta Namita Dutta Samiron Bhupenchandra Ingudam Karmakar R. M. Das K. N. Singh Laishram Kanta Bordoloi Anshuman Sarmah Trishna 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2021,193(6):1-32
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment - Evaporation is an important meteorological variable that has a great impact on water resources. In the current research, climatology data, and seasonal... 相似文献
250.
Md. Ekramul Karim Sohana Al Sanjee Shohel Mahmud Modhusudon Shaha Md. Moniruzzaman Keshob Chandra Das 《Chemistry and Ecology》2020,36(1):83-99
ABSTRACTMicroplastics are emerging environmental pollutants that have gained tremendous scientific interest in recent years. These micropollutants are omnipresent both in the terrestrial and aquatic environments posing a deleterious threat to the ecosystem and biodiversity. So, it is important to develop a deep understanding of the environmental fate and potential adverse impacts of microplastics on the aquatic and terrestrial environments. By critically reviewing the previously published scientific literature, the present synthesis briefly outlines the characteristics, occurrence and potential toxic effects of microplastics on terrestrial and aquatic biota. The article also focuses on some innovative approaches for sustainable remediation of macroplastics as well as microplastics. Since the concept of microplastics pollution has yet in its infancy in Bangladesh, this synthesis provides an overview of the current scenario of microplastics pollution and some future research recommendations in the context of Bangladesh which might be helpful to the novice researchers of this field. 相似文献