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71.
Fragment constant method for prediction of fish bioconcentration factors of non-polar chemicals 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A fragment constant method for prediction of fish bioconcentration factor (BCF) was established based on experimental BCF values for 80 non-polar chemicals from nine classes. The model was evaluated using coefficients of determination and mean residuals, which are 0.995 and 0.1836, respectively. Jackknife tests were applied to examine the robustness of the prediction model on a class-by-class basis. 相似文献
72.
A semi-natural field study was carried out to assess the likelihood of a potentiation of toxicity between the ergosterol biosynthesis inhibiting (EBI) fungicide, prochloraz, and the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide, malathion, in the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa). Groups of partridges kept in four large grassland enclosures were exposed to either prochloraz-treated or control wheat for 7 days after which two of the enclosures were sprayed with malathion whilst the remaining two were sham-sprayed. Cytochrome P-450, aldrin epoxidase and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities were found to be significantly higher in the group exposed to prochloraz alone compared to controls, suggesting that induction of the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system had occurred by ingestion of prochloraz-treated wheat. However, the level of induction produced was not sufficient to cause a potentiation of malathion toxicity. There was evidence for induction of several forms of P-450 recognised by antibodies raised against 1A1, 2C6 and 4A1 in the prochloraz-exposed partridges. 相似文献
73.
The complexation constants for copper associated with different natural organic ligands, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) extracted from water, water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) from soil, were determined and then compared based on discrete single site model. Both ion-selective electrode (ISE) and anodic stripping voltammetry were used to determine the content of free copper ions, while the relative number of complexation sites was estimated using a fluorescence quenching (FQ) at the same time. ISE proved to be the most applicable technique when the concentration of copper was above 10(-7) moll(-1). The logk values for two WSOC sample sites (Song Ziyuan and Xin Niangtan) were 4.64 and 4.66; higher than both the DOC and HA values yet lower than the FA values, which were unusually high due to unavoidable pollution from the cation exchange resin used during the purification process. Binding affinities between the copper ions and the organic ligands obtained from streams in Yong Wei (DOC) and Song Ziyuan (WSOC) were influenced by pH, ion strength, and reactant concentration. Values for logk increased with increases in pH (ion strength of 0.1 N). At pH 4, the logk values decreased with increases in the supporting electrolyte concentration and total copper ion additions. 相似文献
74.
Previously we found that cloned cottonwood saplings (Populus deltoides) grew twice as large in New York, New York, USA, compared to surrounding rural environments and that soils, temperature, CO2, nutrient deposition, and microclimatic variables could not account for the greater urban plant biomass. Correlations between final season biomass and cumulative O3 exposures, combined with twofold growth reductions in an open-top chamber experiment provided strong evidence that higher cumulative O3 exposures in rural sites reduced growth in the country. Here, we assess the field gas exchange, growth and development, and allocation responses underlying the observed growth differences and compare them with isolated O3 responses documented in the open-top chamber experiment. Cottonwoods showed no visible foliar injury, reduced photosynthesis of recently expanded foliage, early leaf senescence, protective reduction in stomatal conductance, or compensatory allocation to shoot relative to root biomass for either the chamber or field experiment. Instead, O3-impacted chamber plants had significantly higher conductance and reduced photosynthesis of older foliage that led to reduced leaf area production and a twofold biomass reduction in the absence of visible injury. Rural-grown field plants showed the same pattern of significantly higher conductance in the absence of concomitant increases in photosynthesis that was indicative of a loss of stomatal control. Incremental changes in foliar production were also significantly inversely related to fluctuations in ambient O3 exposures. The similarity in biomass, gas exchange, phenological, and allocation responses between chamber and field experiments indicate that mechanisms accounting for reduced growth at rural sites were consistent with those in the open-top chamber O3 experiment. This study shows the limitation of visible symptoms as a sole diagnostic factor for documenting detrimental O3 impacts and points toward a new approach to show O3 impacts when visible injury is not present. Namely, O3-impacted vegetation showed an unusual inverse relationship of increased conductance with lower photosynthesis of older foliage that was indicative of a loss of stomatal control. This increased stomatal conductance of O3-impacted vegetation accentuates pollutant flux into affected foliage and has important implications for system water balance during warm, dry portions of the growing season when O3 concentrations are highest. 相似文献
75.
Andrzej Bytnerowicz Dan Cayan Philip Riggan Susan Schilling Philip Dawson Mary Tyree Lynn Wolden Robert Tissell Haiganoush Preisler 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2010,44(5):678-687
Combustion emissions and strong Santa Ana winds had pronounced effects on patterns and levels of ambient ozone (O3) in southern California during the extensive wildland fires of October 2007. These changes are described in detail for a rural receptor site, the Santa Margarita Ecological Reserve, located among large fires in San Diego and Orange counties. In addition, O3 changes are also described for several other air quality monitoring sites in the general area of the fires. During the first phase of the fires, strong, dry and hot northeasterly Santa Ana winds brought into the area clean continental air masses, which resulted in minimal diurnal O3 fluctuations and a 72-h average concentration of 36.8 ppb. During the second phase of the fires, without Santa Ana winds present and air filled with smoke, daytime O3 concentrations steadily increased and reached 95.2 ppb while the lowest nighttime levels returned to ~0 ppb. During that period the 8-h daytime average O3 concentration reached 78.3 ppb, which exceeded the federal standard of 75 ppb. After six days of fires, O3 diurnal concentrations returned to pre-fire patterns and levels. 相似文献
76.
Exposure of on-duty traffic police in Beijing to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated during the summer, 2004 using a personal sampling technique in measuring both particulate and gaseous phase PAHs. The results were then compared with those from two control sites away from the street. Exposure levels to gaseous and particulate PAHs for the traffic police were found to be 1525 +/- 759 ngm(-3) and 148 +/- 118 ngm(-3), respectively, representing 2-2.5 times higher levels than those at the control sites. The daily inhalation exposure of the police was estimated to be 277 ngkg(-1)d(-1). Most of the PAHs exposure came from the vapor phase, particularly NAP, FLO and PHE. Based on calculated PAH diagnostic ratios, the major source of PAHs exposure was from vehicle exhaust. The effects of temperature, humidity and atmospheric stability on exposure levels are also discussed. 相似文献
77.
This article demonstrates why it is necessary to have the restoration of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new goal for
integrated catchment management in the coastal area of Tolo Harbor. The present goal of integrated catchment management (ICM)
in the Tolo Harbor is based on water quality objectives. The performance of the ICM plan, the Tolo Harbor Action Plan (THAP),
was evaluated using marine coastal ecosystem health indicators including both stress and response indicators. Since the implementation
of THAP in 1988, some significant reductions in pollution loading have been observed: reduction of 83% of biological oxygen
demand load and 82% of total nitrogen between 1988 and 1999. There has also been an improvement in the health of Tolo Harbor’s
marine coastal ecosystem as evidenced by trends in physical, chemical, and biological indicators, although reverse fluctuations
in some periods exist. However, such improvement can only be considered as the first sign of complete ecosystem health restoration,
because ecosystem health covers not only physical, chemical, and biological aspects of an ecosystem, but also ecosystem service
functions. The findings support the need to take the restoration and protection of marine coastal ecosystem health as a new
goal rather than using water quality objectives. Steps necessary to further improve Tolo Harbor’s marine coastal ecosystem
health are also discussed. 相似文献
78.
Microbiology of two-stage kraft waste treatment. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
79.
Dr. D. F. Callen G. Korban G. Dawson L. Gugasyan E. J. M. Krumins S. Eichenbaum J. Petrass S. Purvis-Smith A. Smith G. Den Dulk N. Martin 《黑龙江环境通报》1988,8(6):453-460
From a total of 1312 diagnostic chorionic villus samplings (CVS) there were 22 which showed discordance between the karyotype of the chorionic villi and that of the fetus. This frequency was some 20-fold higher than that reported at amniocentesis. In the majority of discordant cases, the fetal karyotype was normal while the placenta! karyotype was mosaic. In four cases, the placenta! karyotype was non-mosaic (a trisomy 16, a monosomy X, and two tetraploids) while the fetal karyotype was normal. In one case, the placenta was trisomy 18 while the fetus was mosaic. There were two ‘false-negative’ results where short-term methods showed only normal cells while both long-term cultures of chorionic villi and fetal cells were mosaic, in one 46,XY/47.XXY and in the other 46,X Y/47.X Y, + 21. 相似文献
80.
IntroductionLakemodelsandmodelinghaveimprovedsignificantlysincethe 1 96 0s .Thereareanumberoffactorsbehindthisdevelopment.Forthemostpart,however,theimprovementshavegrownoutoftheneedforsound ,reliablemeasurestouseindesigningandapplyinglakepollutioncontrols,t… 相似文献