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61.
M. Day K. Shaw D. Cooney J. Watts B. Harrigan 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》1997,5(3):137-151
The degradability of several degradable polymers was examined using three types of degradation environments. These include
exposure in a laboratory-scale composting test system containing material representative of the organic fraction of municipal
solid waste (MSW), exposure in a thermal hydrolytic environment consisting of water at 60‡C, and exposure in a thermal-oxidative,
dry oven environment of 60‡C. The results of the investigation clearly indicate that, in addition to chemical and biological
activity which can lead to polymer degradation, physical restructuring and reorganization of the macromolecular structure
may also occur at temperatures typically found in a compost environment, resulting in changes in the mechanical properties
of the polymer films. In the case of the polyethylene-modified polymers evaluated in this study, all behaved similarly, but
differently from the other polymer types. The polyethylene-based films appeared to be susceptible to oxidative degradation
and should degrade in a composting environment providing that there is sufficient air in contact with the film for a sufficient
period of time. However, when exposed in a laboratory composter, it appears that although ideal temperature-time curves may
be obtained, the test time period was insufficient in comparison to the induction period required to achieve the desired thermal
oxidative degradation.
Issued as NRCC No. 37620. 相似文献
62.
This paper reports results from two studies that test a refinement of the equity sensitivity construct first in an experimental setting and second in a field setting. Results from Study 1 show that benevolents express tolerance for both overreward and underreward relative to entitleds and equity sensitives and that benevolents report relatively high levels of satisfaction regardless of reward condition. Study 1 results also show that manipulation of outcomes produce a more dramatic effect on satisfaction than does manipulation of inputs. Results from Study 2 reveal significantly different exchange ideologies for benevolents and entitleds and show that entitleds place more importance on pay whereas benevolents place more importance on the work itself. For both benevolents and entitleds, there is a positive correlation between assessments of distributive justice and job satisfaction. Implication of the findings both for equity theory research and the practice of management are discussed. 相似文献
63.
Diana G. Day 《The Environmentalist》1989,9(1):7-23
Summary In Queensland, Australia, instream resources planning ranges from "fragmentary" to overlooked. But the State of Queensland, with engineer dominant water management, is only a little behind some other Australian States and Western countries in evaluating the environmental uses and values of river systems. Management is pragmatic about its abundant water endowment! Highly contrasting biophysical environments, from arid to tropical rainforest, as well as a dominance of ephemeral river systems should not preclude instream assessment. The new coastal $A430 million, Burdekin Falls Dam, the "1800's dream" has radically altered that river and delta region for economically amorphous agricultural purposes and, seemingly, to encourage crocodiles to recreate. In comparison, the "urbanised" Brisbane River is the focus of southern state water use competition issues such as flooding, eutrophication, turbidity, public access, preservation of river islands, sand and gravel mining, and recreation. A veritable host of river related management authorities preside!Dr Diana Day is trained as a fluvial geomorphologist and a water policy analyst. Her research has focused on natural resources management especially related to water and soil/land assets. Dr Day is an editor of the newAustralian Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. Her many publications include a recent book entitledWater and Coal -Industry, Environment and Institutions in the Hunter Valley, N.S.W., published by The Australian National University, Canberra, where until recently she was a Research Fellow. Dr Day is currently a Water Planner in the public sector. 相似文献
64.
Evolutionary or fragmented environmental policy making? coal,power, and agriculture in the Hunter Valley,Australia 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Diana G. Day 《Environmental management》1988,12(3):297-310
Intensified surface mining, power generation, and smelting operations in the Hunter River lowlands, NSW, Australia have posed numerous new environmental management problems. Legislative controls over water, soils, and land use management have been clearly insufficient and remain so. The complex range of environmental changes is challenging government agencies as well as coal developers. While water demands are increasing in the region the proportionally greatest competitors are power generation and irrigation. Comprehensive regional water quality assessment is inadequate and divided between a number of agencies with fragmentary interests. Coal development inquiries signal further controversy over appropriate management solutions and are an ongoing phenomenon in the region. The early 1980s resource boom has been followed by lower rates of economic growth, which have resulted in disparate agency responses to major ongoing environmental questions. While issue attention cycles are often remarkably short in environmental management, matters of water, land, and air quality require intensive and ongoing monitoring and policy development. 相似文献
65.
66.
A recent turn towards a more contextually sensitive apprehension of the challenge of making everyday life less resource hungry has been partly underwritten by widespread evidence that the environmental values people commonly profess to hold do not often translate into correspondingly low impact actions. Yet sometimes the contexts of everyday life can also conspire to make people limit their consumption without ever explicitly connecting this to the environmental agenda. This paper considers this phenomenon with reference to UK studies from both ends of the generational spectrum. The first questioned how older people keep warm at home during winter and the second examined how young people get rid of no longer wanted possessions. Both found that, though the respondents involved were acting in certain ways that may be deemed comparatively low impact, they were hitherto relatively indifferent to the idea of characterising these actions as such. We outline three ways in which sustainability advocates might respond to the existence of such “inadvertent environmentalists” and consider how they might inspire studies that generate fresh intervention ideas instead of lingering on the dispiriting recognition that people do not often feel able to act for the environment. 相似文献
67.
Testing the Accuracy of Population Viability Analysis 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
M. A. McCarthy †§ H. P. Possingham † J. R. Day ‡ A. J. Tyre† 《Conservation biology》2001,15(4):1030-1038
68.
Transpiration and Root Development of Urban Trees in Structural Soil Stormwater Reservoirs 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Julia Bartens Susan D. Day J. Roger Harris Theresa M. Wynn Joseph E. Dove 《Environmental management》2009,44(4):646-657
Stormwater management that relies on ecosystem processes, such as tree canopy interception and rhizosphere biology, can be
difficult to achieve in built environments because urban land is costly and urban soil inhospitable to vegetation. Yet such
systems offer a potentially valuable tool for achieving both sustainable urban forests and stormwater management. We evaluated
tree water uptake and root distribution in a novel stormwater mitigation facility that integrates trees directly into detention
reservoirs under pavement. The system relies on structural soils: highly porous engineered mixes designed to support tree
root growth and pavement. To evaluate tree performance under the peculiar conditions of such a stormwater detention reservoir (i.e., periodically
inundated), we grew green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) and swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor Willd.) in either CUSoil or a Carolina Stalite-based mix subjected to three simulated below-system infiltration rates for
two growing seasons. Infiltration rate affected both transpiration and rooting depth. In a factorial experiment with ash,
rooting depth always increased with infiltration rate for Stalite, but this relation was less consistent for CUSoil. Slow-drainage
rates reduced transpiration and restricted rooting depth for both species and soils, and trunk growth was restricted for oak,
which grew the most in moderate infiltration. Transpiration rates under slow infiltration were 55% (oak) and 70% (ash) of
the most rapidly transpiring treatment (moderate for oak and rapid for ash). We conclude this system is feasible and provides
another tool to address runoff that integrates the function of urban green spaces with other urban needs. 相似文献
69.
Marek Krzymien Michael Day Kathleen Shaw Lillian Zaremba 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(7):804-813
ABSTRACT The emissions of odors and volatile organic compounds produced from a commercial composting operation have been studied using a laboratory-scale composting system. The composting activity of a typical commercial compost feed was followed by monitoring the composting temperature, as well as the respiratory rate. Using a controlled aeration system, the gaseous volatiles produced were tested for odors using the "dilution-to-threshold" method, as well as gas composition, as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicated that while there may be a reasonable correlation between the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and odors, care has to be taken when trying to identify offensive odors with specific chemical species. However, the data obtained suggests that offensive odors formed during commercial composting may be due to sulfurous and nitrogenous compounds, although their concentrations in the compost gases may not be very high. The major release of VOCs occurred during the first two weeks of composting, after which the gaseous releases fell dramatically as the composting process proceeded and temperatures started to fall. 相似文献
70.
H. McLeod I. H. Langford A. P. Jones J. R. Stedman R. J. Day I. Lorenzoni I. J. Bateman 《Regional Environmental Change》2000,1(2):78-85
This paper investigates the distribution of three common air pollutants, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and fine particulates
(PM10), in England and Wales with respect to social class, ethnicity and population density. A multilevel model is used to demonstrate
regional differences in the social distribution of pollution. The results show that, allowing for ethnicity and population
density, there are different relationships between socio-economic status and exposure to air pollution within different regions
in England and Wales. These differences suggest that national legislation introduced to reduce air pollution levels may give
rise to environmental injustice, with geographical and social differences in the costs and benefits arising to the population
due to such legislation.
Received: 24 February 1999 / Accepted: 2 September 1999 相似文献