黄铁矿催化H2O2氧化降解水中三氯生

以三氯生为目标污染物,研究了黄铁矿催化H2O2非均相类Fenton体系对污染物的去除效果,并利用SEM、EDS等手段对天然黄铁矿进行了表征。考察了催化剂、H2O2投加量、溶液初始pH、反应时间等重要因素对催化氧化反应的影响。在H2O2投加量5 mg/L,黄铁矿用量0.1 g/L,溶液初始pH为8,反应10 min后,三氯生的去除率达90%以上。相对于传统Fenton反应,pH对本非均相催化反应的影响较小,在2～10的pH范围内,仍有较高的催化活性。利用GC-MS分析显示,三氯生降解过程能够产生包括2,4-二氯苯酚在内的多种中间产物。     

臭氧氧化四种偶氮染料废水的效果研究

以酸性大红、中性枣红、阳离子红、活性黑5四种模拟印染废水开展O3氧化偶氮染料的效果研究.实验中发现O3对染料具有非常好的脱色效果,30 min后除中性枣红外其他三种染料脱色率接近100％,但是单独O3的TOC去除率不高.光谱扫描表明,处理后染料的特征吸收峰很快消失,而紫外光区的吸收峰变化很小,推测O3氧化以直接氧化为主,打开了染料分子的发色基团,但并未将染料分子彻底氧化.还应加强O3氧化能力、彻底矿化去除污染物的研究.     

清洁生产和产品的生态设计

给出了清洁生产的定义：论述了开发和推广清洁产品的意义和为此所作的努力：归纳了产品生态设计的基本概念及其实施的主要途径。这些途径不是相互孤立的。而是相互关联与补充的，其中最主要的是要满足产品设计的环境准则，即要在产品的生命周期中体现污染预防的思想。     

Size structure of urban agglomerations in China: rationality evaluation,patterns, and implications

ABSTRACT

This paper establishes a diagnostic model for assessing the rationality of size structure of urban agglomerations (UAs) in China. The model is designed to determine from a three-dimensional index including size distribution index (SDI), size compactness index (SCI), and size efficiency index (SEI). The spatio-temporal pattern of size structure involving the studied 19 UAs and its implications are explored. The results indicate that size structure of China’s UAs advanced from a low rationality development stage to a moderate rationality development stage in 1995–2015. Among them, the SDI and SEI were reasonably high, and the SCI was relatively low. Spatially, the high rationality UAs were distributed across eastern China, while the low rationality UAs were located in western China. UAs with positive size structure possessed typically a dual- or multicenter urban structure, while UAs with negative size structure usually presented as a single-center structure. The evolutionary trajectories of rationality of size structure of UAs can be summarized as four different stages. Our findings suggest that, in addition to consolidating the status of national-level UAs, the development of regional-level UAs should be promoted. Also, the fostering focus and direction should be oriented toward an UA with dual- or multicenter spatial structure.     

九龙江流域地表水锰的污染来源和迁移转化机制

锰是人体必需微量元素,但近年来河流湖库等地表水锰超标现象时有发生,威胁供水安全.本文于2016—2017年在福建省九龙江流域开展水系沿程梯度调查及机理实验,结合历史监测资料综合研究,探明九龙江锰含量的时空分布与迁移转化规律,揭示九龙江锰的污染来源、超标成因与调控机制.结果表明,溶解锰高值及超标站位集中在北溪上游矿区支流和干流部分水库,且主要发生在枯水期;上游矿区支流颗粒锰含量最高,随后从上游到下游沿程递减,且与总悬浮颗粒物(TSM)和pH显著正相关(p0.05).基于锰形态与pH值之间的密切关系和沿程变化,及培养实验中沉积物锰释放主要受控于pH的变化而非溶解氧的变化,推测九龙江地表水锰污染主要来自红壤颗粒的流失(特别是矿区和坡地),流域风化形成高pH(pH7.8)环境促进亚热带红壤颗粒富集锰,大量富锰颗粒进入pH逐渐下降的河流下游和电站库区后向溶解锰转化,从而导致锰超标.河流下游及库区pH值下降的主要原因包括酸沉降、酸性废水排放、富营养化条件下有机物分解等.研究结果为我国地表水锰污染防控、饮用水安全保障与流域水环境综合管理提供科学依据.     

青海湖嗜盐菌的分离与优势菌株QHL5的特性

采用高盐选择性培养基从20份青海湖水样中筛选分离获得35株青海湖嗜盐微生物.耐盐梯度实验分析表明:水体中以中度嗜盐菌为主,约占65.7%;弱嗜盐菌次之,约占25.7%;非嗜盐菌与耐盐菌相对较少,约占8.5%.其中优势菌QHL5的生长盐度耐受范围为0.04～3.0 mol/L,最适生长范围为0.3～0.9 mol/L,隶属于中度嗜盐菌.菌体形态和生长特性分析表明:QHL5菌落大小为4～6 mm,圆形或椭圆形,边缘整齐厚实,乳白色,中间微隆起,不透明,革兰氏染色阴性.显微形态呈杆状,最适生长pH为8.5～9.5,最适生长温度为35℃.生理生化、16S rRNA的全序列Blast和系统发育分析表明:QHL5菌株分类定位于γ变形菌纲海洋螺菌目盐单胞菌属樊氏盐单胞菌(Halomonas ventosae).通过80%乙醇法抽提胞内相溶物质,采用TLC法检测出该菌积聚四氢嘧啶.     

利用硫酸渣生产铁精粉的新工艺研究

提出了一种新的工艺来处理硫酸渣 ,将其开发为有用的铁精粉作为炼铁原料 ,实现了废物的资源综合利用。该方法能很好地脱除烧渣中的硫并富集其中的铁 ,解决了多年来一直困扰着人们的硫酸渣脱硫难的问题。     

Spatial variability of shallow groundwater level, electrical conductivity and nitrate concentration, and risk assessment of nitrate contamination in North China Plain

In recent years, nitrate (NO3) contamination of groundwater has become a growing concern for people in rural areas in North China Plain (NCP) where groundwater is used as drinking water. The objective of this study was to evaluate groundwater resource level, to determine groundwater quality and to assess the risk of NO3 pollution in groundwater in Quzhou County in the NCP. Ordinary Kriging (OK) method was used to analyze the spatial variability of shallow groundwater level, groundwater electrical conductivity (EC) and NO3-N concentrations, and Indictor Kriging (IK) method was used to analyze the data with NO3-N concentrations equal or greater than the groundwater NO3 pollution threshold (20 mg L(-1)). The results indicated that groundwater level averaged 9.81 m, a level 6 m lower than in 1990. The spatial correlation distances for groundwater level, EC and NO3-N concentration were 21.93, 2.19 and 3.55 km, respectively. The contour map showed that shallow groundwater level areas extended from north to south across the County. Groundwater EC was above 3 dS m(-1) in the most part of the northern county. Groundwater NO3 pollution (NO3-N> or =20 mg L(-1)) mainly occurred in the County Seat areas due to wastewater irrigation and excessive fertilizer leaching from agricultural fields. At Henantuang town, besides suburban of the County Seat, groundwater was also contaminated by NO3 shown by the map generated using the IK method, which was not reflected in the map generated using the OK method. The map generated using the OK method could not reflect correctly the groundwater NO3 pollution status. The IK method is useful to assess the risk of NO3 pollution by giving the conditional probability of NO3 concentration exceeding the threshold value. It is suggested that risk assessment of NO3 pollution is useful for better managing groundwater resource, preventing soil salinization and minimizing NO3 pollution in groundwater.     

基于多中心治理理论的农村环境污染防治对策

由于过度重视经济指标及政府环境治理方式的局限,中国农村环境污染越来越严重,为此,本文在分析中国农村环境污染现状的基础上,运用多中心治理理论,从政府、市场、社群组织及农民意识等角度,探讨了农村环境污染的原因,并从多中心治理视角提出了中国农村环境污染防治的对策,这些对策包括转换政府角色,发挥市场机制的支持作用,完善社群组织在环境污染治理中的作用,及强化农民环境污染治理的参与意识等。提出的污染防治对策可为社会主义新农村建设时期的环境污染治理工作提供参考。     

Effects of urea and (NH4)2SO4 on nitrification and acidification of Ultisols from Southern China

The mechanisms for the effects of ammonium-based fertilizers on soil acidification in subtropical regions are not well understood. Two Ultisols collected from cropland and a tea garden in Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces in subtropical southern China, respectively, were used to study the effects of urea and (NH₄)₂SO₄ on the nitrification and acidification of soils with incubation experiments. Nitrification occurred at very low pH with no N fertilizer added and led to lowering of the soil pH by 0.53 and 0.30 units for the soils from Jiangxi and Anhui, respectively. Addition of urea accelerated nitrification and soil acidification in both Ultisols; while nitrification was inhibited by the addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄, and greater input of (NH₄)₂SO₄ led to greater inhibition of nitrification. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) played an important role in nitrification in cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea increased the soil pH at the early stages of incubation due to hydrolysis and stimulated the increase in the AOB population, and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification. At the end of incubation, the pH of Ultisol from Jiangxi had decreased by 1.25, 1.54 and 1.84 units compared to maximum values for the treatments with 150, 300 and 400 mg/kg of urea-N added, respectively; the corresponding figures were 0.95, 1.25 and 1.69 for the Ultisol from Anhui. However, addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification and soil acidification. Soil pH for the treatments with 300 and 400 mg/kg of (NH₄)₂SO₄-N remained almost constant during the incubation. AOB played an important role in nitrification of the cropland soil under acidic conditions. Addition of urea stimulated the increase in the AOB population and thus accelerated nitrification and soil acidification; while addition of (NH₄)₂SO₄ inhibited the increase in the AOB population and thus inhibited nitrification.