基于SSD方法比较中美物种对铜的敏感性差异

基于无机铜(以下简称铜)对中、美淡水水生动物的毒性数据,构建了中、美水生动物对铜的SSD(物种敏感度分布)曲线,比较了中、美物种的HC₅(hazardous concentration at 5th percentile of the species,保护95%以上物种的浓度水平)及其差异. 结果表明:在HC₅下,中国的水生动物对铜的敏感性排序为节肢动物>非节肢动物>鱼类,无脊椎动物>脊椎动物;而美国不同物种对铜的敏感性排序为非节肢动物>节肢动物>鱼类,无脊椎动物>脊椎动物. 根据铜短期暴露的HC₅对中、美物种敏感性进行比较可知,中国鱼类、节肢动物和脊椎动物的敏感性均大于美国相应物种;而中国非节肢无脊椎动物和无脊椎动物均小于美国相应物种. 研究所选的美国全部物种对铜的敏感性略高于中国物种,但二者仅相差0.52 μg/L. 除非节肢无脊椎动物外,中、美水生生物对铜的SSD敏感性分布均未见显著差异. 因此,在推导中国水质基准时应注重考虑敏感性物种(如节肢动物).      

高有机质含量垃圾的含水量监测试验研究

为了研究时域反射技术(TDR)对高电导率、高有机质含量的填埋垃圾的适用性,设计并制作了探针表面镀环氧树脂基复合材料和套PVC管的TDR探头,测试并评估了各个探头测试介质含水量的电导率适用范围和感应区域范围,同时推荐了95%探针长度套PVC热缩管的探头作为最优选择.对所选探头进行标定后,安装在填埋自制新鲜垃圾和现场老垃圾的模型单元中,测试渗滤液入渗过程中和入渗后的含水量变化,结果表明:经表面处理后的TDR探头能够有效测试高有机质含量填埋垃圾的含水量,且能够对瞬态渗流过程引起的含水量变化迅速响应;当渗流达到稳定时,TDR测试的含水量结果与水量平衡分析结果较为接近,绝对误差在5%以内.     

Removal of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) by sepiolite-supported nanoscale zerovalent iron

Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) synthesized using sepiolite as a supporter was used to investigate the removal kinetics and mechanisms of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). BDE-209 was rapidly removed by the prepared sepiolite-supported nZVI with a reaction rate that was 5 times greater than that of the conventionally prepared nZVI because of its high surface area and reactivity. The degradation of BDE-209 occurred in a stepwise debromination manner, which followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The removal efficiency of BDE-209 increased with increasing dosage of sepiolite-supported nZVI particles and decreasing pH, and the efficiency decreased with increasing initial BDE-209 concentrations. The presence of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent at certain volume fractions in water influenced the degradation rate of sepiolite-supported nZVI. Debromination pathways of BDE-209 with sepiolite-supported nZVI were proposed based on the identified reaction intermediates, which ranged from nona- to mono-brominated diphenylethers (BDEs) under acidic conditions and nona- to penta-BDEs under alkaline conditions. Adsorption on sepiolite-supported nZVI particles also played a role in the removal of BDE-209. Our findings indicate that the particles have potential applications in removing environmental pollutants, such as halogenated organic contaminants.     

玉米生产环境成本及全要素生产率的时空研究

论文在把玉米生产省（区）按生产能力划分为三类产区的基础上,纳入环境成本,系统分析了2004—2014年各地区玉米生产的环境成本全要素生产率及其分解的变化,并明确了三类产区在未来玉米产量保障中的地位和作用。研究结果表明：1）玉米生产环境成本全要素生产率呈现下降趋势,生产方式整体仍属于粗放型,同时玉米生产正转向劳动节约型和环境可持续型;2）第一主产区具有产量和环境可持续性优势,未来仍将是我国玉米供给主要产区,第二主产区和其他产区在要素管理和技术水平以及环境可持续性方面仍有待提高,能够为未来玉米需求提供更高保障。     

Coastal dune development and morphological changes along the littorals of Garigliano,Italy, and Elis,Greece, during the Holocene

Geomorphological and sedimentological studies were carried out along the Garigliano and Elis littorals with the aim to highlight if similar geoenvironmental features are controlled by same coastal processes. Actually, both sites are in Mediterranean climate regions very far each other, modeled by western winds and storms, characterized by wide sandy coastal dunes parallel to the present shoreline, with abundant pumices, and locally anthropized. The Garigliano littoral is characterized by Holocene dune and Pleistocene aeolian deposits. The beach is bounded landwards by a dune system emplaced during the Holocene. Geoarchaeological surveys highlighted the presence of a Roman road which cut the dune, with age older than Graeco-Roman Period. Since the end of the 1950’s, strong littoral retreat affected the beach-dune system, partly due to human activity. The coastland of Elis is characterized by Quaternary marine deposits. Three significant morphogenetic phases occurred during the Holocene. During the last phase, from Graeco-Roman Period to current, shoreline retreat and deposition of aeolian sands occurred. Geoarchaeological evidences suggest that this phase is related to a sea-level lowstand followed by a slow sea-level rise up to the present position, and by humid-temperate climate. Geomorphological surveys of the dunes of Garigliano and Elis, each other compared, suggest that the main phases of their development are related to the effects of climatic conditions, sea-level changes, and secondly to the recent anthropization. The coarse pumices found on both beaches of Campania and Peloponnese regions show the same mineralogical and petrographic features, so we assumed that they likely originated from the Aeolian Arc, southern Italy, which have same composition. These pumices reached the studied coasts by flotation, under the influence of winds and marine surface currents from the southwest-southeast and northwest-west respectively, participating to local coastal processes and representing a good geoindicator of long-distance drift. Precisely for these morphologically converging aspects, such distant sites have been selected and compared.     

海藻酸钠负载硫化零价铁对水体中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原去除

本研究以微米零价铁（ZVI）为核心,对ZVI进行硫化改性和海藻酸钠（SA）负载,成功制备一种高效去除Cr（Ⅵ）的功能性材料（SZVI-SA）.考察了材料制备过程中螯合剂种类、质量分数、S/Fe等参数对Cr（Ⅵ）去除的影响.采用SEM-EDS、TEM、XRD和XPS等对材料进行表征分析,讨论去除机制.实验结果表明,选择7%的Fe³⁺为海藻酸钠螯合剂,S/Fe=3.5、干燥温度70℃作为材料制备的较优条件;SZVI-SA对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除过程符合准二级动力学模型,吸附速率主要受Cr（Ⅵ）与SZVI-SA结合位点之间的化学反应速率控制.表征结果表明,SZVI-SA有效成分为FeS,比表面积较大为97.83 m²·g^-1,以微孔为主,孔隙较多.SZVI-SA对Cr（Ⅵ）的还原去除率可达92%,同时能有效地去除反应后溶液中的Cr（Ⅲ）和Fe（Ⅲ）.SZVI-SA与Cr（Ⅵ）的反应机制主要为氧化还原反应,主要还原活性物质为Fe²⁺、S^2-和S₂^2-;反应后生成的Fe（Ⅲ）和Cr（Ⅲ）最终以Fe（OH）₃、Cr（OH）₃和Cr₂O₃的形式沉淀分离.     

苍南县流域水环境评价及污染防治对策

浙江苍南县江南河网地区工农业发达,人口密集,污染日益严重,水环境安全已经成为发展当地经济和保障人民生活的首要问题。根据浙江苍南县环境监测中心1996到2001年对全县平原河道13个监测断面的水质监测数据和基础资料,应用单项指标达标率评价方法对苍南县地表河网水质进行了现状和发展趋势评价。结果表明：横阳支江水系的主要监测断面类别为Ⅱ、Ⅲ类,基本能够保证生活饮用水质量。萧江塘河水系和江南河网、甘宋溪水质类别均为劣V类,由于工业污水直接排放,江南河网地区水质污染尤为严重。最后根据河道水质污染特征和存在问题,从流域水资源保护体制、水环境规划和保护等方面提出了相应综合防治对策。     

现代煤化工行业挥发性有机物管控问题分析

分析了现代煤化工行业存在的VOCs管控相关产业政策、标准要求与产业发展不匹配,泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)工作推进缓慢、VOCs排放量核算不准确和VOCs治理工作难开展等问题。提出如下建议:在LDAR工作方面,重新认识LDAR工作、源头控制和增加泄漏情况数据统计环节;在VOCs排放量核算方面,全面识别企业VOCs排放源项、准确收集VOCs核算所需参数和控制采样分析误差;在VOCs治理方面,尽快制定VOCs排放有关标准、识别VOCs管控重点和开发VOCs过程及末端治理技术。     

青岛市可持续性定量测度动态分析

应用生态足迹计算模型和统计数据，对青岛市1998-2002年的生态足迹和生态承栽力进行了动态分析，并预测了未来青岛市的可持续发展趋势。     

利用栗褐芽孢杆菌除藻的试验研究

应用筛选出的溶藻细菌--栗褐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus badius)进行除藻试验,结果表明该溶藻菌种除藻效果显著,对藻类的去除率在70%以上,对氨氮和有机物也有较好的去除效果;栗褐芽孢杆菌通过其分泌的一种特殊物质灭活藻类.