Effects of Trampling Limitation on Coastal Dune Plant Communities

Sandy coastlines are sensitive ecosystems where human activities can have considerable negative impacts. In particular, trampling by beach visitors is a disturbance that affects dune vegetation both at the species and community level. In this study we assess the effects of the limitation of human trampling on dune vegetation in a coastal protected area of Central Italy. We compare plant species diversity in two recently fenced sectors with that of an unfenced area (and therefore subject to human trampling) using rarefaction curves and a diversity/dominance approach during a two year study period. Our results indicate that limiting human trampling seems to be a key factor in driving changes in the plant diversity of dune systems. In 2007 the regression lines of species abundance as a function of rank showed steep slopes and high Y-intercept values in all sectors, indicating a comparable level of stress and dominance across the entire study site. On the contrary, in 2009 the regression lines of the two fenced sectors clearly diverge from that of the open sector, showing less steep slopes. This change in the slopes of the tendency lines, evidenced by the diversity/dominance diagrams and related to an increase in species diversity, suggests the recovery of plant communities in the two fences between 2007 and 2009. In general, plant communities subject to trampling tended to be poorer in species and less structured, since only dominant and tolerant plant species persisted. Furthermore, limiting trampling appears to have produced positive changes in the dune vegetation assemblage after a period of only two years. These results are encouraging for the management of coastal dune systems. They highlight how a simple and cost-effective management strategy, based on passive recovery conservation measures (i.e., fence building), can be a quick (1–2 years) and effective method for improving and safeguarding the diversity of dune plant communities.     

垃圾焚烧炉干法尾气净化处理系统的应用研究

介绍了目前国内垃圾处理情况和有关规定及垃圾焚烧炉干法尾气净化处理的原理、工艺流程及系统构成,并从工艺流程、工艺原理、运行和控制、维护保养、运行成本等方面对垃圾焚烧炉干法尾气净化处理系统和半干法尾气净化处理系统进行了比较.     

长江流域地质—生态环境的演化机制及综合自然灾害区划

地质－生态环境是新一轮国土资源大调查的新概念, 同时也是现代地学研究的一个重要的范畴,在分析地质－生态环境系统及其演变的动力学机制的基础上,本文首先探索了长江流域地质－生态环境的演化机制,结合其自然环境状况,揭示了长江流域自然灾害形成的综合机制及其分布规律;并在此基础上,依托图文信息可视化系统技术手段,采取自上而下和自下而上两种进行综合自然灾害区划,其区划等级体系为3个自然灾害区和9个自然灾害亚区,为合理利用自然资源及防治自然灾害和环境退化提供了基本依据。     

气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁质谱测定水中超痕量多氯萘

采用固相萃取法处理水样,气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁质谱法测定水中超痕量多氯萘,同位素内标法定量,并对样品前处理条件和仪器条件进行优化。试验表明：方法在0．500 ng/L～500 ng/L范围内线性良好;当取样体积为1 L时,方法检出限为0．005 ng/L～0．01 ng/L;对实际水样进行2个质量浓度水平的加标回收试验,平行测定6次的 RSD为2．7％～8．7％,回收率为70．2％～110％。方法适用性试验表明,水样中复杂的基质对测定无影响。     

GC-PID联用直接测定大气中痕量烃类化合物

作者把气相色谱仪(GC)与自行研制的光离子化检测器(PID)联用,实现了大气中痕量烃类化合物的直接测定,给出了仪器的构成和性能指标及测量结果.     

日本建筑垃圾再资源化相关法规介绍

介绍了日本建筑垃圾的分类方法和种类以及与建筑垃圾再资源化有关的法律法规。     

Seasonal rhythm in a Mediterranean coastal fish community as monitored by a cabled observatory

To adequately describe seasonal rhythms in habitat utilization by fish communities, observations are needed that occur at a relatively high frequency and over large temporal windows. For the first time, images collected from a cabled video-observatory (the western Mediterranean expandable SEAfloor OBservatory; OBSEA) were utilized to examine habitat utilization by coastal fishes. Over the course of a year, hourly digital images of the water column and an artificial reef were obtained during daylight hours. For each image, the total number of species, an estimate of the abundance of individuals, and the Shannon Diversity Index were quantified. A total of 22 fish species commonly associated with nearshore western Mediterranean habitats were identified, and significant spatial (water column vs. artificial reef), seasonal (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), and daily (morning, midday, and sunset) differences in habitat utilization occurred. Four species (Diplodus vulgaris, Diplodus cervinus, Diplodus sargus, and Scorpaena porcus) were associated with the artificial reef, while one species (Pagrus pagrus) chiefly occurred in the water column. Chromis chromis and Diplodus annularis occurred at the site more frequently in the winter and autumn, respectively, while 14 other species utilized the site more frequently in either the spring (8 spp) or summer (6 spp). In addition, Dentex dentex and Spicara maena occurred more frequently at sunset, while D. cervinus displayed a crepuscular rhythm (occurring more frequently in the morning and at sunset). Species diversity was highest in the summer and lowest in the winter. If not taken into account when planning in situ sampling, such seasonal and/or diel differences may lead to spurious estimates of population sizes and biodiversity. We suggest that cabled video-observatories offer a non-invasive and reliable technology for faunistic sampling and population assessment in coastal water of the Mediterranean and likely elsewhere.     

基于优化方法的区域疏散路径规划研究

由于各种灾害的频频发生,对于区域整体及局部的疏散规划方案的研究具有迫切性和必要性。基于传统的迪杰斯特拉算法和回溯法的思想,对矩阵化的地图信息进行处理和计算,得到满足最大疏散人数、总体最短疏散路径、最短疏散时间等优化条件的优化方案。最后将这种方法运用到实际中,得出了某大学校区的路径选择方案。     

基于水域面积法的山区河流水电站下游生态流量定值研究

水电站的大量兴建导致下游河道萎缩退化甚至断流,如何改变水电站运行调度方式,维持下游河道一定的生态流量、保障河流健康成为国内外普遍关注的问题.本文在传统水文学方法的基础上融入生物栖息地法思想,以河流生态系统的生物多样性为功能目标,用河道流量反映河流的水文过程,河道水域面积反映河流生态系统的生物多样性,创新性地提出考虑河道水文生态特性的生态流量定值方法——水域面积法.以北江上游浈江二级支流罗坝水为例进行分析计算.计算结果表明:枯水年罗坝水生态流量为2.26 m3·s-1,占多年平均流量的25.97%;平水年生态流量分月控制,生态流量过程与建站前流量过程基本一致.根据枯水年的生态流量值和平水年各月份的生态流量值,结合水电站的运行调度规则,换算成一定时期内的径流量来确定该时期内水电站需释放的水量,进而对水电站下游河道的生态功能进行保护和修复.     

我国重型柴油货车黑碳排放影响因素分析

柴油车的黑碳排放对空气质量和气候变化有重要影响,但我国柴油车黑碳排放清单编制仍有较大局限性. 为进一步提高柴油车黑碳排放清单编制精度,采用整车转毂台架和热光折射的方法研究不同排放标准、行驶工况和负载状况对重型柴油货车黑碳排放的影响. 结果表明:我国排放标准升级对重型柴油货车的黑碳排放有重要影响,从国Ⅰ、国Ⅱ排放标准升级到国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ和国Ⅴ排放标准,黑碳在颗粒物中的占比由41%左右逐步提至72%左右. 行驶工况对重型柴油货车的黑碳排放也有一定影响,车辆在C-WTVC (中国重型商用车燃料消耗量测试工况)下的黑碳排放占比较VECC (重型车典型道路行驶工况)下高5%~10%. 与半载状态相比,重型柴油货车在满载状态下黑碳排放占比更高,国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ重型柴油货车满载状态下黑碳排放占比较半载状态高7%~8%,国Ⅱ重型柴油货车满载状态下黑碳排放占比较半载状态高15%左右. 研究显示,柴油货车黑碳排放清单编制要综合考虑排放标准、驾驶特征、负荷状况等对黑碳排放的影响,不宜使用固定系数利用颗粒物排放因子外推黑碳排放因子.