资源利用强烈反差与农业发展

农业升温、再上新台阶的有效选择是农业资源的综合开发。鉴于目前我国农业资源利用中存在的强烈反差这一“基本国情”,在农业综合开发中必须充分认识强烈反差对农业发展的制约和价值,正确处理好内涵开发与外延开发、分散开发与规模开发、示范开发与区域开发之间的关系,并实现由粗放开发向集约开发、单一开发向多元开发、单向开发向双向开发的转变。     

环保物联网在涪陵页岩气开发环境监管中的应用研究

环保物联网是物联网技术在环境保护领域的智能应用,是促进战略性新型环保产业发展的重要手段.随着中国页岩气产业的快速发展,一系列环境问题日益凸显,为提高页岩气开发环境污染防控效率,以重庆涪陵页岩气勘探开发示范基地为研究对象,结合当前页岩气开发环境管理现状,介绍页岩气开发环保物联网基本架构,探讨环保物联网在页岩气开发环境监管中的应用,促进涪陵页岩气示范基地环境保护的精细化和智能化管理.     

反渗透处理糖厂二效汽凝水回用锅炉的研究

糖厂以二效汽凝水取代原水回用锅炉是"节能减排"的重要措施,但含糖量过高的二效汽凝水回用锅炉后,将影响锅炉高效、安全使用。故此采用一级反渗透装置对二效汽凝水进行除糖净化处理。实验结果表明:反渗透系统的脱盐率能够稳定在87.82%左右,出水水质完全达到中压锅炉补充给水水质标准。建议拥有中压锅炉的糖厂采用糖厂锅炉补充给水除糖净化新工艺。     

Bioventing of No. 2 Fuel Oil: Effects of Air Flowrate,Temperature, Nutrient Amendment,and Acclimation

A 14‐month pilot‐scale bioventing study, sponsored by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, was conducted by the University of New Hampshire to determine the effects of the time between the contamination event and the onset of bioventing, as well as air flowrate, temperature, and nutrient amendments. Freshly contaminated soil was not readily amenable to bioventing. Bioventing was effective (82–92.5 percent removal) for acclimated soil amended with nutrients at 10 °C and 20 °C for the 275 cm³/min and 140 cm³/min air flowrates, respectively. First order degradation rates after nutrient addition were ?6.11 ± 0.83 (×10^?3)/day and ?6.57 ± 1.71 (×10^?3)/day, respectively. The results indicate that bioventing will be best applied when the contamination has occurred at least two years before the onset of treatment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The role of extracellular polymeric substances on the sorption of pentachlorophenol onto natural biofilms in different incubation times: a fluorescence study

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been regarded as the most significant components in sorbing organic contaminants onto natural biofilms. However, few investigations have reported the effects of EPS on the sorption of organic contaminants onto biofilms in different incubation times. Here, pentachlorophenol (PCP), selected as a model organic pollutant, was sorbed by biofilms and EPS-free biofilms cultured for 15, 30, and 45 days, to evaluate the role of EPS in the sorption process. EPS were extracted from biofilms to investigate the binding mechanism of PCP to the fluorescence matters in EPS by fluorescence quenching titration. Results showed that EPS, bound with biofilms or released to water, could increase or decrease the sorption amounts of PCP on biofilms in various incubation times. The presence of bound EPS in biofilms enhanced the sorption amounts of 30-day biofilms (6.0?±?0.11?μmol?g^?1) because of the formation of the EPS-PCP complex between PCP and fluorescence matters in EPS, such as protein-like matters. In contrast, the release of PCP-bound EPS in 15- and 45-day biofilms decreased the sorption amounts of PCP on biofilms. All the results suggested that EPS dominated the sorption of PCP onto biofilms.     

Adsorption of Cd to natural biofilms in the presence of EDTA: effect of pH, concentration, and component addition sequence

Both dissolved organic matters (DOM) and natural biofilms are important substances in controlling the behavior of trace metals in natural aquatic environments. In this study, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was selected as a typical DOM to investigate the effect of DOM on the adsorption of trace metals to the biofilms in natural waters. The adsorption of Cd to biofilms, including adsorption isotherm at a fixed pH (pH?=?6.0) and pH-edge adsorption (pH ranging from 4.3 to 9.0) with different adsorption sequences, was determined without EDTA and in the presence of EDTA ([EDTA]?=?0.5 μmol/L for isotherms measurement and [EDTA]?=?0.5 and 2.0 μmol/L for pH-dependent adsorption). The presence of EDTA generally decreased the adsorption of Cd, and the effect was determined by solution pH, concentration of EDTA, and adsorption sequence. Higher concentration or higher pH usually resulted in a more significant decrease. The influence of adsorption sequence on the effect of EDTA was insignificant in lower pH range, while the adsorption usually decreased in the order of Cd only adsorption > Cd first adsorption > EDTA first adsorption ≈ simultaneous adsorption in higher pH range. The effect of EDTA could be attributed to the conversion of Cd speciation, the competition with the biofilms for Cd, and the dissolution of Mn oxides from the biofilms. EDTA affected the adsorption of Cd to natural biofilms, and the effect could be fairly significant. The role of Mn oxides in determining the behavior of trace metals might be underestimated.     

威海市广播电台电磁辐射环境影响的研究

通过理论分析计算和实地的模拟测试,探讨场源辐射场强Ｅ随距离ｒ的一次反比衰减规律。对１０ｋＷ中波长射天线,在ｒ＞７５ｍ的区域内,地面附近（距地面２ｍ处）,场强Ｅ＜２５Ｖ／ｍ,不会超过国标ＧＢ９１７５－８８中对长中短波规定的卫生要求的“二级标准”;在ｒ＞１５０ｍ的区域内,地面附近场强Ｅ＜１００Ｖ／ｍ,符合国标卫生要求的“一级标准”;但在ｒ＞２００ｍ范围内的高层建筑的外部（例如楼顶平台）则有可能超过国标     

封育对科尔沁沙地植被恢复和土壤特性的影响

过度放牧是科尔沁地区土地沙化的主要原因之一,围栏封育可以有效的抑制牲畜对植被的破坏,促进沙地植被恢复,从而改善区域的生态环境。本研究以科尔沁沙地主要固沙植被——小叶锦鸡儿群落为对象,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,分析不同封育年限和自然放牧条件下小叶锦鸡儿群落的土壤种子库和地上植被特征、土壤理化性质和土壤水分动态,较系统地探讨了封育措施对沙地植被和土壤特性的影响。结果表明:①封育措施促使固沙植被区土壤种子库密度显著增加(P<0.05),封育2 a、6 a和12 a的土壤种子库密度分别提高了15.7%、482.5%和728.1%;土壤种子库的物种多样性和均匀度随着封育年限的增加而降低。②封育措施对沙地植被恢复具有显著的促进作用(P<0.05),封育6 a和12 a后植被密度分别提高了108.0%和239.3%,植物盖度分别提高了261.6%和271.6%;适度的封育年限(<6 a)可以提高群落的物种多样性,过长的封育年限(11 a)反而使物种多样性下降。③封育措施促使土壤表层(0-10 cm)的养分(有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾)含量有所提高,土壤含水量无显著变化(P>0.05)。     

城市污水中重金属对活性污泥系统的影响与对策

通过分析城市污水中重金属的种类与浓度,结合重金属的毒性,选取Cu、Zn、Cr为研究对象,考察了这3种金属离子对活性污泥工艺系统的刺激和抑制作用,包括对微生物种类、微生物生长、基质消耗和处理效果的影响。分析了重金属毒性的影响因素,包括金属种类及浓度、工艺类型、驯化程度等,并相应地提出一些处理重金属废水的可行措施,可采用耐冲击负荷的SBR工艺、或者将活性污泥针对重金属进行驯化、适当提高污泥浓度等,提出了该领域可能的几个研究方向。     

微电解法预处理对氟硝基苯废水的研究

采用废铁屑微电解法对氟硝基苯废水进行预处理，在铁粉投加量为3.0g/L、phH为3．0、反应时间为3h、催化剂氯化铵用量为2.0g/L的条件下，对氟硝基苯转化为氨基氟苯的转化率为70％、出水的BOD5／COD值由0上升到0．27。