简析页岩气开发对水资源的破坏

页岩气的开发主要采用水平井水力压裂的方法,压裂过程中压裂液的大量使用以及对返排压裂液的处理不当,会造成页岩气开发过程中对水资源的破坏,主要表现在导管破裂污染、返排液地面污染、大量消耗水资源等方面。通过总结对比返排压裂液的几种处理方法,认为废液处理后循环使用的方法在节约成本的同时,可最大程度地减小对水资源的破坏。     

桩土刚度比及布桩位置对桩身内力分布的影响研究

桩土刚度比及布桩位置直接影响抗滑桩的桩身内力分布及边坡加固效果。采用数值模拟的方法,考虑不同桩土刚度比和布桩位置,分别进行了计算分析。结果表明:(1)桩身剪力近似呈反"S"型分布,弯矩呈现向桩后的凸型分布,且桩身剪力和弯矩均随桩土刚度比的增加而增大,呈现先陡后缓的变化趋势;(2)桩位一定时,桩身正负最大剪力分别出现在桩身1/2和1/4高度位置,对应位置应加强抗剪箍筋的配置;桩身弯矩最大的位置出现在桩身1/3高度位置,即边坡滑带所在的位置,对应位置应加强抗弯钢筋的配置;(3)布桩于边坡中部及两侧时,加固后边坡的安全系数提高明显,桩身剪力和弯矩较大,而且对塑性区有明显的隔断作用。考虑到一般边坡中部的滑体厚度较深,在坡体中部位置布桩无论在技术上还是经济上都不太合适,因此,建议布桩于边坡中部两侧的位置,可取得较好的加固效果。     

Response of three dominant shrubs to soil water and groundwater along the oasis-desert ecotone in Northwest China

The ecotone from oasis to desert is an important area for combating sandy desertification. Three dominant desert shrubs (Nitraria tangutorum, Calligonuum mongolicum, Haloxylon ammodendrori) were selected in Minqin Oasis, Northwest China, to determine the groundwater level; soil water potential; and change of the three shrubs in density, coverage, and biomass along the natural and seminatural oasis-desert ecotone (ODE), respectively. The results indicated that traits of desert plant interaction with the topsoil water and groundwater depth along the ODE play an important role in generating complex desert vegetation spatial dynamics. Some natural desert plant species with shallow root systems will distribute themselves according to distribution of topsoil water. Thus, the distribution of Nitraria tangutorum had a decreasing trend in distribution along ODE. Calligonuum mongolicum occurs in different trends in natural and seminatural ODE due to utilizing groundwater as well as topsoil water. Some plant species with deep roots, such as Haloxylon ammodendron, will show more degradation near oases and will exhibit an ascending trend along ODE. Therefore, it is of primary importance to protect the integrity of groundwater depth in order to protect the stability of the oasis-desert ecotones. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Processing of copper converter slag for metal reclamation. Part I: Extraction and recovery of copper and cobalt.

Clean processing of copper converter slag to reclaim cobalt and copper could be a challenge. An innovative and environmentally sound approach for recovering valuable metals from such a slag has been developed in the present study. Curing the slag with strong sulphuric acid, without re-smelting or roasting as practiced currently in the industry, render it accessible to leaching, and more than 95% of cobalt and up to 90% of copper was extracted together with iron by water leaching, leaving silica behind in a residue. The copper in the leach liquor was recovered by cementation with iron and the dissolved iron crystallized as ferrous sulphate monohydrate. The cobalt in the mother-liquor rich in iron was recovered by either cementation or sulphide precipitation. Operation variables in the new process were also investigated and optimized.     

煤矸石矿井填充过程中微生物作用后发酵液对地下水的影响

煤矸石是排放量最大的工业固废之一,堆积在地面会对环境造成严重影响.对煤矸石矿井填充过程中微生物作用后发酵液对地下水的影响进行研究,对煤矸石井下填充的可行性和安全性具有十分重要的意义.文章以义马跃进矿的长焰煤、煤矸石、矿井水为研究对象,在添加接种物的情况下,以硫酸根、硝酸盐氮、氨氮、硫离子和pH值为研究指标,对发酵液进行测定,结果表明:(1)硫酸盐和产甲烷菌在一定条件下可以共存;(2)整个系统的pH值呈弱碱性;(3)浸泡时间的长短使各指标之间有明显差异,是影响地下水的重要因素.在此基础之上,应继续研究利用煤矸石进行矿井填充的可行性和安全性.     

Degradation of 4-aminophenol by hydrogen peroxide oxidation using enzyme from Serratia marcescens as catalyst

This paper reports on the degradation of 4-aminophenol using hydrogen peroxide as oxidizer and the enzyme from Serratia marcescens AB 90027 as catalyst. The effecting factors during degradation and the degrading mechanism were studied. Also, the location of the enzyme in the cell, which could catalyze the degradation of 4-aminophenol, was analyzed. The results showed that to degrade 50 mL of 4-aminophenol whose concentration was 500 mg/L, the optimal conditions were: volume of H₂O₂ = 3 mL, temperature = 40–60°C and pH = 9–10. In the degradation process, 4-aminophenol was first converted to benzoquinone and NH₃, then organic acids including maleic acid, fumaleic acid, and oxalic acid were formed, and then finally CO₂ and H₂O were generated as final products. The enzyme that could catalyze the degradation of 4-aminophenol was mainly extracellular enzyme. Translated from Environmental Chemistry, 2006, 25(2): 141–144 [译自: 环境化学]     

环境对某型飞机典型结构部位疲劳寿命影响分析

目的 研究环境对飞机典型结构部位疲劳寿命的影响。方法 选取某型机机身连接壁板、机翼壁板、机翼内部大梁结构、平尾接头及垂尾接头的典型模拟件为研究对象,开展实验室加速腐蚀与随机载荷谱交替试验、载荷谱疲劳试验,分析环境对典型结构部位模拟件表面涂层损伤、疲劳断裂位置、疲劳源及中值寿命的影响,建立环境对结构部位疲劳寿命影响关系。结果 采用载荷作用后结构部位模拟件疲劳中值寿命与加速腐蚀环境-疲劳寿命后试样的疲劳中值寿命比值,估算环境对结构部位模拟件疲劳寿命的影响,比值k=1.2~2.5,且比值k越大,说明环境对试样的疲劳寿命影响越大。结论 采用载荷作用后结构部位模拟件疲劳中值寿命与加速环境-疲劳寿命后试样的疲劳中值寿命比值,可初步估算环境对结构部位模拟件疲劳寿命的影响,且试验结果表明,外部环境较内部环境对试样疲劳寿命的影响更大。     

SCR脱硝技术在水泥窑烟气治理中的应用进展

基于水泥窑烟气氮氧化物治理的SCR脱硝技术和水泥生产配套问题,分析了水泥窑烟气特点和治理难点.综述了目前关于水泥窑烟气4种SCR脱硝技术工艺流程和布置,比较了不同SCR脱硝技术的适应性和优缺点,并对SCR脱硝技术在水泥窑的工程应用、中试及研究成果进行了介绍.对水泥窑SCR脱硝过程中出现的高粉尘、粒度小、催化剂中毒问题进行了详细分析,提出了解决方法,最后从满足水泥窑氮氧化物治理工业应用的角度,对水泥窑烟气治理SCR脱硝技术和催化剂进行了展望.     

Control of exhaled SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the interpersonal breathing microenvironment in a ventilated room with limited space air stability

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the spread of the coronavirus between persons. We experimentally and numerically investigated an advanced engineering and environmental method on controlling the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols in the breathing microenvironment between two persons during interactive breathing process by combining the limited space air stability and a ventilation method. Experiments were carried out in a full-scale ventilated room with different limited space air stability conditions, i.e., stable condition, neutral condition and unstable condition. Two real humans were involved to conducted normal breathing process in the room and the exhaled carbon dioxide was used as the surrogate of infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from respiratory activities. A correspondent numerical model was established to visualize the temperature field and contaminated field in the test room. Results show that the performance of a ventilation system on removing infectious airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols from the interpersonal breathing microenvironment is dependent on the limited space air stability conditions. Appropriate ventilation method should be implemented based on an evaluation of the air condition. It is recommended that total volume ventilation methods are suitable for unstable and neutral conditions and local ventilation methods are preferable for stable conditions. This study provides an insight into the transmission of airborne SARS-CoV-2-laden aerosols between persons in ventilated rooms with different limited space air stability conditions. Useful guidance has been provided to cope with COVID-19 in limited spaces.