含油浮渣制备含碳吸附剂并用于含油污水的处理

以含油浮渣为原料制备含碳吸附剂,并用于含油污水的处理。用比表面分析仪和SEM技术对吸附剂进行表征。通过正交实验和单因素实验考察吸附剂加入量、吸附时间及温度、污水pH对污水处理效果的影响。表征结果显示,含碳吸附剂碳元素含量高达90%(w)以上,表面粗糙,孔径分布以中孔为主,比表面积477.5 m2/g,碘吸附值376.48 mg/g。实验结果表明:在吸附温度30℃及时间60 min、含碳吸附剂加入量20 g/L、污水pH为7的最佳实验条件下,处理初始COD为502.12 mg/L、石油类质量浓度45.31 mg/L.的含油污水,COD和石油类的去除率分别为91.51%和87.1%,处理后的COD和石油类质量浓度分别为42.62 mg/L和5.83 mg/1,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的二级排放标准;含碳吸附剂的污水处理效果优于术质活性炭。     

三种供需关系论

本文提出在人与自然组成的环境－社会系统中存在着三种有决定性意义的供需关系,分析了这三者的异同与联系,剖析了它们在人类社会运行、发展中和及在人类社会可持续发展中的地位。     

西北地区可持续发展应注意的主要问题与对策

本文在分析西北地区社会、经济及自然状况的基础上 ,着重从资源与环境方面指出该地区可持续发展应注意的主要问题 ,并针对这些问题 ,提出以可持续发展为目标的资源、环境策略。     

长江中游水沙灾害形成机理研究

对长江中游泥沙输移规律进行了综合分析,建立了螺山至汉口河段和洞庭湖区泥沙淤积比霽与三口分沙比λS之间的定量关系.通过分析得知.洞庭湖区和螺山至汉口河段各时期多年平均泥沙淤积总量基本保持在180×106t,分沙比的减小调整了上述河段与洞庭湖区之间的淤积关系,使洞庭湖区减少淤积的泥沙转移到上述河段淤积.在此基础上对长江中游泥沙淤积与该区域水位抬高进行了计算分析.文章指出,长江中游防洪的核心是如何正确处理宜昌每年多来的180×106t泥沙淤积问题.     

The Cost of Co-viability in the Australian Northern Prawn Fishery

Fisheries management must address multiple, often conflicting objectives in a highly uncertain context. In particular, while the bio-economic performance of trawl fisheries is subject to high levels of biological and economic uncertainty, the impact of trawling on broader biodiversity is also a major concern for their management. The purpose of this study is to propose an analytical framework to formally assess the trade-offs associated with balancing biological, economic and non-target species conservation objectives. We use the Australian Northern Prawn Fishery (NPF), which is one of the most valuable federally managed commercial fisheries in Australia, as a case study. We develop a stochastic co-viability assessment of the fishery under multiple management objectives. Results show that, due to the variability in the interactions between the fishery and the ecosystem, current management strategies are characterized by biological and economic risks. Results highlight the trade-offs between respecting biological, economic and non-target species conservation constraints at each point in time with a high probability and maximizing the net present value of the fishery.     

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) distribution and effect factors in the water and sediment of the Yellow River Estuary, China

The distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was investigated in a total of 15 water and sediment samples from the Yellow River Estuary, China in April 2011. The results indicated that the concentrations of PFOS in the water and sediment samples averaged 157.5 ng/L and 198.8 ng/g and ranged from 82.30 to 261.8 ng/L and 75.48 to 457.0 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of PFOS in the sediment column increased from 45.32 to 379.98 ng/g with the decrease of the sampling depth, which showed that the increased PFOS pollution in the sediment appeared in this region in over recent years. The distribution coefficient (K _d) of PFOS between water and sediment linearly increased from 0.37 to 4.80 L/g as the salinity (S‰) increased from 0.18 to 4.47. Correlation analysis revealed that K _d was significantly and positively correlated to the contents of total organic carbon and clay of the sediment, and salinity. Therefore, salinity was an important parameter in controlling the sediment–water interactions and the fate or transport of PFOS in the aquatic environment. The results of this study showed that the estuary was an important sink for PFOS and suggested that PFOS might be carried with the river water and transported for long distances before it reached to the sea and largely scavenged to the sediment in the estuaries due to the change in salinity.     

电解后处理法与传统后处理法生产人造金刚石对比分析

传统的金刚石生产中提纯工艺采用大量的硝酸、硫酸和盐酸进行处理,会产生大量的有害气体、含酸废水和含有大量镍等重金属离子的废弃物,既浪费资源义对环境造成严重污染.通过实验在生产工艺中增加了电解工序,把电解工序应用于酸煮去杂工序之前,用电化学的方法回收80%以上的金属镍,提高了后处理效率,达到在生产过程中控制和减少污染物的产生,从源头上减少化工原料的投入和使用.以年产18亿克拉人造金刚石企业为个案,对比了粉体触媒法合成高品级人造金刚石生产中用电解法后处理与传统的酸煮法后处理2种工艺中污染物产生、处理费用和效益.结果表明,与传统的酸煮法后处理2种工艺相比,电解法后处理工艺可使混合酸(硝酸、硫酸和盐酸)用量减少11 400 t/a,含镍污泥产生量减少2 250 t/a,生产废水排放量减少10.05万m3/a,氢氧化钠(30%)用量减少1 300 t/a,新鲜水用量减少16万m3/a,而用电量和柴油用量分别增加1 000万kWh/a和200 t/a,由此年创利润916万元.     

中国地震应急地区系数的初步研究

首先探讨了地震应急地区系数的概念,认为地震应急地区系数是描述各地区在遭受同等强度地震打击时,所表现出来的应急紧迫性、应急重要性和应急救援强度的大小的指标;然后提取了影响地震应急地区系数的因素;继而建立了地区系数的评价指标体系和评价方法;最后,以地市级行政单元为例,计算出全国各地市的地区系数,并分析了其空间分布特征。结果表明,我国各地市地区系数的地域差异明显,东南部地区明显高于西北部地区;高值主要集中于华北平原、东南沿海和四川盆地等地区的地市。     

新安江流域生态补偿政策效果评价研究

本文基于流域生态补偿的经济学原理,以成本效益分析(CBA)为基本框架,通过对新安江流域生态补偿政策实施的成本和效益进行定性定量的分析,对黄山市实施新安江流域生态补偿政策的成效比E1以及外部效应内部化程度指数E2进行计算,进而科学合理地衡量新安江流域生态补偿政策的实施效果。2010—2013年,黄山市在新安江流域生态补偿工作中的成本总计189.06亿元,黄山市环境效益增加33.52亿元,黄山市新安江流域生态补偿工作成效比E1为0.24,外部效应内部化程度指数E2为0.81,说明新安江流域生态补偿起到了一定的效果,黄山市环境效益预测结果表明,流域生态补偿的效果会随着时间的推移更加明显。由此提出建议,现阶段黄山市应继续以解决经济发展与环境保护的矛盾为重心,同时注重流域生态补偿工作的落实。     

Hydrothermal fabrication and visible-light-driven photocatalytic properties of bismuth vanadate with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures for Methyl Orange degradation

Monoclinic BiVO₄ with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures were fabricated using the hydrothermal strategy. The materials were characterized by means of the XRD, Raman, TGA/DSC, SEM, XPS, and UV-Vis techniques. The photocatalytic activities of the BiVO₄ materials were evaluated for the degradation of Methyl Orange under visible-light irradiation. It is observed that pH value and surfactant exerted a great effect on the morphology and pore structure of the BiVO₄ product. Spherical BiVO₄ with porous structures, flower-cluster-like BiVO₄, and flower-bundle-like BiVO₄ were generated hydrothermally at 100℃ with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and urea (pH = 2) and at 160℃ with NaHCO₃ (pH = 7 and 8), respectively. The PVP-derived BiVO₄ showed much higher surface areas (5.0-8.4 m²/g) and narrower bandgap energies (2.45-2.49 eV). The best photocatalytic performance of the spherical BiVO₄ material with a surface area of 8.4 m²/g was associated with its higher surface area, narrower bandgap energy, higher surface oxygen vacancy density, and unique porous architecture.