基于LBM的风窗流场数值模拟与PIV实验研究

风窗流场分布规律对于粉尘、瓦斯、有毒有害气体运移规律以及风窗局部阻力计算具有一定的影响,而常用的CFD方法在模拟风窗后阶湍流流场这类问题上存在计算复杂度高的问题,针对此问题,结合格子玻尔兹曼(LBM)方法在流场模拟方面具有求解精度高、计算复杂度小的特点,采用多松弛格式的格子玻尔兹曼方法(MRT-LBM)对巷道风窗流场进行模拟研究。为验证格子玻尔兹曼方法对风窗流场模拟的有效性,利用粒子图像测速仪(PIV)对风窗流场分布规律进行实验验证研究。研究结果表明:LBM模拟风窗流场回流区长度为340 mm,风窗主流风速最高达19.1 m/s;PIV实验测试风窗流场回流区长度为320 mm,风窗主流风速最高达18.4 m/s,在相同模型条件下,LBM模拟结果与PIV实验测试结果基本保持一致。LBM与Fluent模拟进行对比,模拟精度、运行速度和操作便捷性要优于Fluent模拟。     

对土壤环境监测质量控制问题的分析

土壤环境质量检测是土壤污染防治行动计划的先行任务,在整体土壤环境监测工作中,应该贯穿质量控制措施。本文结合样品采样、制样、实验室两方面质量控制进行深入分析,论述采取质量控制的措施,总结归纳土壤环境监测工作过程中质量控制措施。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定水体中三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚

本研究建立了固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定水体中痕量三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯醚(TSPEOn,n=6—29)的方法.水样经HLB柱富集,用10 mL二氯甲烷-甲醇混合溶液(1∶1)洗脱,将洗脱液氮吹至近干后,用乙腈定容至0.5 mL.采用C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,5μm)+Silica(2.1 mm×150 mm,4μm)串联色谱柱,以乙腈和2 mmol·L~(-1)乙酸铵水为流动相,在电喷雾正离子、多反应监测模式下对TSPEOs进行定性分析,外标法进行定量分析.结果表明,TSPEOn(n=6—29)在0.06—512.5μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好,线性相关系数在0.989—0.999之间,方法检出限为0.001—0.22 ng·L~(-1),定量限为0.004—0.72 ng·L~(-1),平均回收率在67.4%—103.3%之间,相对标准偏差为0.7%—14.8%,该方法可用于实际地表水样中痕量TSPEOn(n=6—29)的测定.     

太湖入湖河流中精神活性物质污染特征与生态风险

精神活性物质是一类摄入人体后对中枢神经系统具有强烈兴奋或抑制作用的新型污染物,其在水环境中的存在可能对水生生物、水生态系统甚至人体健康产生潜在的危害。为评价太湖中精神活性物质的污染水平和生态风险,利用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法检测了太湖19条入湖河流中13种典型精神活性物质的质量浓度和空间分布规律。结果表明,在太湖19条入湖河流中除苯甲酰牙子碱(BE)和去甲氯胺酮(NK)外,其余11种目标物均有检出,质量浓度范围为n.d.～43.2 ng·L~(-1)。其中麻黄碱(EPH)的检出率和中间浓度最高,分别为100%和11.0 ng·L~(-1);其次为甲基苯丙胺(METH),检出频率为58%,浓度中值为1.0 ng·L~(-1);苯丙胺(AMP)在东部湖区均未检出。大部分精神活性物质浓度水平较高的河流分布在竺山湾和西太湖,而海洛因(HR)的高值区主要在南太湖。运用风险熵方法对其进行风险评估,结果显示,太湖流域地表水中检出的13种精神活性物质的风险熵值均<0.1,生态风险较低,但其对水生生态系统的长期和综合风险值得关注。     

湿地植物水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)对镉的富集特征及生理响应

以人工湿地修复镉污染水体时,植物在镉离子的沉淀、吸收和积累等过程中起着关键作用,但当前报道的镉富集植物种类较少,湿地植物对镉胁迫的生长及生理响应缺乏系统研究,限制了湿地植物在镉污染水体修复中的应用。笔者以常见湿地植物水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper L.)为对象,设置了4个镉处理浓度(0、0.5、1和2 mg·L~(-1)),研究了水蓼对镉的富集特征以及生长和生理响应。水蓼根、茎和叶的镉含量(以干重计)随镉处理浓度的增加而升高,处理30 d时,在2 mg·L~(-1)处理下分别达到134、47和48 mg·kg~(-1)。处理30 d时,在1 mg·L~(-1)的镉处理下,水蓼的地上部及地下部富集系数和转运系数最高,地上部和地下部富集系数分别为45.6和111.7,转运系数为0.41。在处理15 d时,水蓼生物量、叶绿素含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在2 mg·L~(-1)处理下显著降低。在处理30 d时,水蓼的总生物量在不同镉浓度下无显著差异,但丙二醛(MDA)含量、SOD和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在0.5～2 mg·L~(-1)镉处理下均显著升高,叶绿素含量下降。这些结果表明,水蓼可以通过提高抗氧化酶活性等机理抵抗镉胁迫产生的氧化伤害,并且水蓼对镉的富集和转运系数较高,具有在镉污染水体修复中应用的潜力。     

Dual-reaction-center catalytic process continues Fenton’s story

• Dual-reaction-center (DRC) system breaks through bottleneck of Fenton reaction. • Utilization of intrinsic electrons of pollutants is realized in DRC system. • DRC catalytic process well continues Fenton’s story. Triggered by global water quality safety issues, the research on wastewater treatment and water purification technology has been greatly developed in recent years. The Fenton technology is particularly powerful due to the rapid attack on pollutants by the generated hydroxyl radicals (•OH). However, both heterogeneous and homogeneous Fenton/Fenton-like technologies follow the classical reaction mechanism, which depends on the oxidation and reduction of the transition metal ions at single sites. So even after a century of development, this reaction still suffers from its inherent bottlenecks in practical application. In recent years, our group has been focusing on studying a novel heterogeneous Fenton catalytic process, and we developed the dual-reaction-center (DRC) system for the first time. In the DRC system, H₂O₂ and O₂ can be efficiently reduced to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in electron-rich centers, while pollutants are captured and oxidized by the electron-deficient centers. The obtained electrons from pollutants are diverted to the electron-rich centers through bonding bridges. This process breaks through the classic Fenton mechanism, and improves the performance and efficiency of pollutant removal in a wide pH range. Here, we provide a brief overview of Fenton’s story and focus on combing the discovery and development of the DRC technology and mechanism in recent years. The construction of the DRC and its performance in the pollutant degradation and interfacial reaction process are described in detail. We look forward to bringing a new perspective to continue Fenton’s story through research and development of DRC technology.     

造纸污泥固化/稳定化处理技术研究

为了能更好地无害化处理造纸污泥,对造纸污泥的固化/稳定化处理技术进行了研究。以水泥、粉煤灰和煤渣作为固化剂对造纸污泥进行固化/稳定化处理。通过抗压强度评价污泥固化块的力学性质;并对固化块浸出液的COD浓度与重金属质量浓度进行了检测。当水泥、粉煤灰和煤渣的掺量分别为0.12、0.02和0.10 kg/kg,养护时间为6 d时,固化块抗压强度达到360 kPa。结果表明,水泥和煤渣对提高造纸污泥固化块的抗压强度具有促进作用,而它们与粉煤灰对造纸污泥中的有机质和重金属均具有一定的固化作用。在以上条件下,固化块浸出液中COD浓度约为115.7 mg/L,重金属浓度符合国家标准。经养护后的固化块含水率均保持在35%~40%,符合填埋场的进场标准。     

大气气溶胶酸度的研究进展

大气气溶胶的环境效应、气候效应和健康效应均与气溶胶的物理化学性质直接相关,其中大气气溶胶酸度是其重要的性质之一。大气气溶胶酸度对酸沉降、灰霾的形成具有重要作用,并影响大气非均相化学反应,相关研究已成为国际研究的热点。对国内外学者近年来在大气气溶胶酸度对大气环境与人体健康的影响、大气气溶胶酸度的影响因素与变化规律、大气气溶胶酸度/酸化缓冲能力的测定与计算方法、大气气溶胶酸性成分采集系统等方面的研究进展作了较系统的综述,并对大气气溶胶酸度研究未来的发展进行了展望。     

Quantifying Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Dynamics in the Jinsha Watershed, Upper Yangtze, China from 1975 to 2000

Quantifying the spatial and temporal dynamics of carbon stocks in terrestrial ecosystems and carbon fluxes between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere is critical to our understanding of regional patterns of carbon budgets. Here we use the General Ensemble biogeochemical Modeling System to simulate the terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics in the Jinsha watershed of China’s upper Yangtze basin from 1975 to 2000, based on unique combinations of spatial and temporal dynamics of major driving forces, such as climate, soil properties, nitrogen deposition, and land use and land cover changes. Our analysis demonstrates that the Jinsha watershed ecosystems acted as a carbon sink during the period of 1975–2000, with an average rate of 0.36 Mg/ha/yr, primarily resulting from regional climate variation and local land use and land cover change. Vegetation biomass accumulation accounted for 90.6% of the sink, while soil organic carbon loss before 1992 led to a lower net gain of carbon in the watershed, and after that soils became a small sink. Ecosystem carbon sink/source patterns showed a high degree of spatial heterogeneity. Carbon sinks were associated with forest areas without disturbances, whereas carbon sources were primarily caused by stand-replacing disturbances. It is critical to adequately represent the detailed fast-changing dynamics of land use activities in regional biogeochemical models to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of regional carbon sink/source patterns.     

Damage to DNA caused by UV-B radiation in the desert cyanobacterium Scytonema javanicum and the effects of exogenous chemicals on the process

Radiation with UV-B increased the damage to DNA in Scytonema javanicum, a desert-dwelling soil microorganism, and the level of damage varied with the intensity of UV-B radiation and duration of exposure. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also increased because of the radiation. Different exogenous chemicals (ascorbate acid, ASC; N-acetylcysteine, NAC; glyphosate, GPS; and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, MCPA-Na) differed in their effect on the extent of DNA damage and ROS production: whereas NAC and ASC protected the DNA from damage and resulted in reduced ROS production, the herbicides (GPS and MCPA-Na) increased the extent of damage, lowered the rate of photosynthesis, and differed in their effect on ROS production. The chemicals probably have different mechanisms to exercise their effects: NAC and ASC probably function as antioxidant agents or as precursors of other antioxidant molecules that protect the DNA and photosynthetic apparatus directly from the ROS produced as a result of UV-B radiation, and GPS and MCPA-Na probably disrupt the normal metabolism in S. javanicum to induce the leaking of ROS into the photosynthetic electron transfer pathway following UV-B radiation, and thereby damage the DNA. Such mechanisms have serious implications for the use of environment-friendly herbicides, which, because they can destroy DNA, may prove harmful to soil microorganisms.