含油废水处理工艺优化研究

在已开发的含油废水处理装置的基础上,对其整体结构、旋分分离部分进行改进,并筛选出性能优良的填料。将原处理装置的单向旋分器改进为双向旋分器、采用YS填料之后,对石油类浓度低于400mg/L的含油废水,经该装置处理后,石油类的去除率达到90%以上;石油类浓度低于80mg/L的含油废水,经该装置处理后,石油类的去除率达95%,石油类的浓度小于10mg/L,达到国家《污水综合排放标准》(GB8798-1996)二级标准的要求。改进后的装置对高、中、低不同浓度石油类的含油废水均有较好的处理效果。     

曝气生物流化池生物强化处理高氨氮制革废水研究

以曝气生物流化池(ABFT)I艺为核心,通过投加高效菌酶添加剂(简称菌荆)的方法对高氨氮制革废水进行生物强化处理研究.结果表明,在菌剂投加量为0.4 kg/m3,总水力停留时间为32 h(其中生化处理段水力停留时间为29 h)条件下,菌剂投加10 d后氨氮的去除率可达80.2%,25 d后系统即可稳定运行;出水氨氮平均为4.8 mg/L,去除率为98.8%;出水COD平均为137 mg/L,去除率为76.4%.无机碳化合物和生长因子对硝化反应有促进作用,使氨氮的去除率提高约6.6%.该结果显示了ABFT工艺在处理高氨氮制革废水上具有明显优势.     

生物亲和亲水磁性填料在污水生物处理中的应用

采用添加生物亲和亲水物质、活性炭及磁粉并磁化的改性聚丙烯填料,进行挂膜和模拟污水生物降解试验.结果发现,普通聚丙烯填料改性后,水滴静态接触角降低22%,含水率提高3～5倍;改性聚丙烯填料比普通聚丙烯填料具有更快的挂膜速度和更高的COD降解率,并能承受更高的气液比以及气流和水流的冲击.改性聚丙烯填料的挂膜期从普通聚丙烯填料的7 d缩短为3 d;将初始COD为500 mg/L的模拟污水完全降解,改性聚丙烯填料需10.5 h,而普通聚丙烯填料则需22.5 h;在连续处理的操作方式下,当气液比为40:1时,改性聚丙烯填料的COD降解率达到最大,为99%,而普通聚丙烯填料则在气液比为30:1时,达到最大的COD降解率,为79%.     

人工湿地对城市住宅区降雨径流中铅的去除效果研究

根据重庆市棕榈泉住宅区雨水径流处理人工湿地的进水特点和运行特点,考察了该人工湿地恒定负荷下对铅的长期去除效果和单场降雨冲击负荷下铅的去除效果。结果表明,住宅区径流中铅浓度随季节性降雨特征变化明显,主要以非溶解态存在。在平均HRT为56 h的日常进水负荷下,人工湿地对铅长期表现出明显而稳定的去除作用,平均去除率达到84.9%,去除负荷达到10.5 mg/(m2.d),出水浓度和去除率受季节变化影响不明显。铅浓度在人工湿地内沿程下降,湿地系统前端潜流床内的去除作用最为明显。在冲击负荷分别为7.3和8.7倍日常负荷、持续时间分别为1.5和2.5 h的两场降雨中,人工湿地铅平均去除率分别为73.22%和38.12%。人工湿地对暴雨高冲击负荷具有明显的缓冲作用,对铅的去除效果受单场降雨进水流量曲线、进水水质曲线以及雨前储存容积大小的影响明显。     

一种新型可控堆肥反应器系统的快速好氧堆肥实验

研究自制可控堆肥反应器对城市污泥进行快速好氧堆肥的工艺效能。实验结果表明:新型堆肥反应器的可控性强。当初始入料堆体温度控制在40℃左右,含水率控制在50%左右时,堆体温度能在第3天就升至55℃以上,并维持5 d以上。含水率、pH、电导率、种子发芽指数(G I)和可挥发性固体(VS)等指标均具有良好的变化规律,均可作为堆肥腐熟度的表征和评价参数。反应器13 d即可完成一个堆肥周期,且堆肥产品的腐熟程度极高。     

A High‐Resolution National‐Scale Hydrologic Forecast System from a Global Ensemble Land Surface Model

Warning systems with the ability to predict floods several days in advance have the potential to benefit tens of millions of people. Accordingly, large‐scale streamflow prediction systems such as the Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service or the Global Flood Awareness System are limited to coarse resolutions. This article presents a method for routing global runoff ensemble forecasts and global historical runoff generated by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts model using the Routing Application for Parallel computatIon of Discharge to produce high spatial resolution 15‐day stream forecasts, approximate recurrence intervals, and warning points at locations where streamflow is predicted to exceed the recurrence interval thresholds. The processing method involves distributing the computations using computer clusters to facilitate processing of large watersheds with high‐density stream networks. In addition, the Streamflow Prediction Tool web application was developed for visualizing analyzed results at both the regional level and at the reach level of high‐density stream networks. The application formed part of the base hydrologic forecasting service available to the National Flood Interoperability Experiment and can potentially transform the nation's forecast ability by incorporating ensemble predictions at the nearly 2.7 million reaches of the National Hydrography Plus Version 2 Dataset into the national forecasting system.     

Objectives for management of socio-ecological systems in the Great Barrier Reef region,Australia

A wide range of goals and objectives have to be taken into account in natural resources management. Defining these objectives in operational terms, including dimensions such as sustainability, productivity, and equity, is by no means easy, especially if they must capture the diversity of community and stakeholder values. This is especially true in the coastal zone where land activities affect regional marine ecosystems. In this study, the aim was firstly to identify and hierarchically organise the goals and objectives for coastal systems, as defined by local stakeholders. Two case study areas are used within the Great Barrier Reef region being Mackay and Bowen–Burdekin. Secondly, the aim was to identify similarities between the case study results and thus develop a generic set of goals to be used as a starting point in other coastal communities. Results show that overarching high-level goals have nested sub-goals that contain a set of more detailed regional objectives. The similarities in high-level environmental, governance, and socio-economic goals suggest that regionally specific objectives can be developed based on a generic set of goals. The prominence of governance objectives reflects local stakeholder perceptions that current coastal zone management is not achieving the outcomes they feel important and that there is a need for increased community engagement and co-management. More importantly, it raises the question of how to make issues relevant for the local community and entice participation in the local management of public resources to achieve sustainable environmental, social, and economic management outcomes.     

Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants using TiO2 film electrodes: an overview

Photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) technology involved applying an electrical bias to a TiO₂ film electrode, has been widely applied to the degradation of refractory organic pollutants, owing to its high degradation efficiency. This paper reviews recent developments in the PEC degradation of recalcitrant organic contaminants using a TiO₂ film electrode. The preparation and application of various TiO₂ film electrodes have been investigated, as well as the parameters that influence PEC activity such as the crystal structure, the film thickness and substrate material, the applied electrical bias, the solution pH and conductivity. The improvement of PEC activity by doping the TiO₂ film electrode with metal and non-metal ions has been discussed. The mechanism and kinetics for the PEC degradation of organic pollutants have also been highlighted.     

有机改性剂对水中有机氯农药提取效率的影响研究

通过有机改性剂在液液萃取和固相萃取条件下水中有机氯农药的提取效率比对分析,首次探讨了有机改性剂对水中有机氯农药提取效率的影响。结果表明,(1)液液萃取前处理水样中不加有机改性剂、固相萃取前处理水样中添加一定量有机改性剂时,水中有机氯农药的提取效率较高;(2)采用正交实验优化水中有机氯农药固相萃取的提取效率实验表明,有机改性剂添加量对其影响大于有机改性剂种类对其影响;最佳优化方案为水样中添加1%甲醇时,提取效率最高。     

常规组合工艺-稳定塘-湿地系统处理印染废水

针对工业园区印染企业产生的印染废水和生活污水,采用独特的"常规组合工艺与‘植物稳定塘-人工湿地系统’联合工艺"对其进行集中统一处理,并考察了运行效果。数据结果表明,系统出水COD、BOD5、SS、色度、NH3-N和TP平均分别为63.2 mg/L、13.8 mg/L、5.0 mg/L、49倍、0.2 mg/L和0.4 mg/L,出水水质达到国家污水综合排放一级标准(GB8978-1996)。该工艺运行稳定,可有效去除废水中的COD、SS和色度,去除率均在90%以上。按日均处理量4×104m3计算,此工艺每年将削减COD排放近30万t。