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851.
852.
The photolysis of nonylphenol ethoxylates with an average oligomers length of ten ethoxylate units (NPEO(10)) in aqueous solution under UV, as well as the influence of humic acid (HA) on the photolysis was studied. A 125W high-pressure mercury lamp was employed as the light source. The intermediate products from the photolysis were determined by LC-MS. The results indicated that NPEO(10) underwent direct photolysis upon exposed to UV. The degradation pathway was complex. Besides the generally proposed degradation pathway of ethylene oxide (EO) side chains shortening, the oxidation of alkyl chain and EO chain led to intermediates having both a carboxylated (as well as carbonylated) ethoxylate and alkyl chain of varying lengths. The hydrogenation of benzene ring was also detected. The kinetics data showed that the first order reaction kinetics could be well used to describe the kinetics of NPEO(10) degradation. In the presence of dissolved organic matter by HA addition, the performance of NPEO(10) photodegradation was reduced. The photolysis rate decreased with increased HA concentration. 相似文献
853.
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludge of wastewater treatment plants in China 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
The concentrations of chemicals in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may relate to their levels of use and environmental pollution in the region. In this work, sludge samples were collected from 31 WWTPs in 26 cities in China and analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentrations of SigmaPBDE (sum of congeners 17, 28, 47, 66, 71, 85, 99, 100, 138, 153, 154, and 183) ranged from 6.2 to 57ng/g (dw). The concentration of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) ranged from below limit of detection (LOD) to 1109ng/g (dw) (with a median of 27ng/g (dw)), and averaged 55% (median 69%) of the total PBDEs. These levels are about 10-100 times lower than those found in Europe and North America. PBDE levels in sludge were not found to depend on the location and capacity of the WWTPs. Concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDTs) and its major degradation products, and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) ranged from below detection limit to 167ng/g (dw), 11 to 1065ng/g (dw), and 7.5 to 319ng/g (dw), respectively. The major DDT degradation products were p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD. The major hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomer in sludge is beta-HCH, reflecting its higher affinity to solids and resistance to degradation than other isomers. 相似文献
854.
Export of toxic chemicals - a review of the case of uncontrolled electronic-waste recycling 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Wong MH Wu SC Deng WJ Yu XZ Luo Q Leung AO Wong CS Luksemburg WJ Wong AS 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,149(2):131-140
This paper reviews the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants such as flame retardants (PBDEs), dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and heavy metals/metalloid concentrations of different environmental media at Guiyu, a traditional rice-growing village located in southeastern Guangdong Province (PR China), which has turned into an intensive electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling site. Incomplete combustion of e-waste in open air and dumping of processed materials are the major sources of various toxic chemicals. By comparing with existing data available in other areas and also guidelines adopted in different countries, it is obvious that the environment is highly contaminated by these toxic chemicals derived from the recycling processes. For example, the monthly concentration of the sum of 22 PBDE congeners contained in PM(2.5) (16.8ngm(-3)) of air samples at Guiyu was 100 times higher than published data. In order to safeguard the environment and human health, detailed investigations are urgently needed, especially on tracking the exposure pathways of different toxic chemicals which may affect the workers and local residents especially mothers, infants and children. 相似文献
855.
856.
857.
突出行业特点的安全工程专业教育研究 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
以我国安全工程专业学科建设过程为背景,分析安全工程专业教育存在的学科建设速度快、涉及知识面广、注重通识性教育等现状,结合我国近两年特大安全事故所表现的行业特点,从解决当前我国生产安全问题、培养高层次安全专业人才、促进安全学科发展3个方面入手,阐明安全工程专业教育中突出行业特点,进一步加强该领域安全工程专业教育建设的重要性,针对突出行业特点的安全工程专业教育模式提出了几点建议,特别强调安全科学与安全技术联系与独立的重要性,学科建设结合每个学校自己的特色方向和以点带面的建设及发展模式. 相似文献
858.
用混合二元酸制备混合酸二甲酯 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
以工业副产物混合二元酸(DBA)和甲醇为原料,用自制PW12/SiO2作催化剂制备混合酸二甲酯(DME),确定了最佳制备条件:甲醇与DBA摩尔比为3.5,PW12/SiO2加入量(PW12/SiO2中PW12占DBA的质量分数)为2%,反应时间为4.5h,100gDBA中甲苯加入量为50mL。在此最佳条件下,DME收率为84.7%,所得DME为无色澄清液体,其中丁二酸二甲酯的质量分数为11.03%,戊二酸二甲酯的质量分数为13.88%,己二酸二甲酯的质量分数为73.79%。PW12/SiO2具有较好的稳定性和一定的重复使用性,PW12/SiO2重复使用5次时的DME收率仍大于70%。 相似文献
859.
Contents of inorganic nitrogen (NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N) in soil profiles were measured in five typical zones ( including permanently flooded floodplain(B), 1-year floodplain (O), 5-year floodplain (F),10-year floodplain (T), and 100-year floodplain (H) )from Huolin River floodplain in Erbaifangzi, Jilin Province of China, in the soil-defrosted period (Mayof 1999). Contour maps and profile maps were constructed to describe the spatial distributions of NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N) in order to identify the influences of flood frequencies on them. Results showed that NH4(+)-N generally increased with depth in soil profiles from the five areas, but NH4(+)-N contents in T or H areas significantly differed from those in other areas. For NO3(-)-N, with the exception that there was a significant cumulative peak (6.77 +/- 0.08 mg kg(-1)) at 15-cm depth (10-20 cm) in B area, no significant difference was observed between NO3(-)-N contents in soil profiles from the other four areas. The horizontal distributions of NH4(+)-N and NO3(-)-N in top soils (0-10 cm) were different in the five areas,which were greatly influenced by flood frequencies. The highest content of NH4(+)-N or NO3(-)-N did not appear in B area but in the floodplain with certain flood frequency. For example, NH4(+)-N content (16.81 mg kg-(1)) in 5-year floodplain wetland was highest, and the highest content of NO3(-)-N(1.69 mg kg(-1)) appeared in 1-year floodplain wetland. In addition, NH4(+)-N contents were significantly correlated with soil pH, and NO3(-)-N contents had significant correlation with inorganic carbon, but there were no significant correlations between inorganic nitrogen and other selected soil properties. 相似文献
860.
Seedling biomass and allocation, transpiration water use efficiency (TWUE), and species competition between switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and milkvetch (Astragalus adsurgens Pall.) were investigated in a pot-cultivated experiment under different levels of water availability. The experiment was conducted using a simple replacement design in which switchgrass and milkvetch were grown in growth chamber with ten seedlings per pot, in three combinations of the two species (0:10, 5:5 and 10:0). Five water treatments included sufficient water supply (HW), gradual soil drying from HW (DHW), moderate water stress (LW), gradual soil drying from LW (DLW), and re-establishment of LW conditions after 12 days of drying from LW (RLW). Water treatments were applied over a 15-day period. Biomass production and its partitioning, and TWUE were determined at the end of the experiment. Species competitive indices (competitive ratio (CR), aggressivity (A) and relative yield total (RYT)) were calculated from the biomass dry weight data for shoots, roots and total biomass. Water stress significantly reduced seedling biomass production but increased root:shoot ratios in both monocultures and mixtures. In the RLW treatment, only switchgrass monocultures displayed compensatory biomass production and TWUE, while both species demonstrated compensatory growth in the mixture. Switchgrass was the dominant species and much more aggressive than milkvetch in the LW treatment, while in the other four treatments milkvetch was the dominant species as measured by the positive value of aggressivity and higher values of CR. The total biomass RYT values of the two species were higher than 1.0, indicating some degree of resource complimentarity. In the two-species mixture, although the biomass production was lower than that of milkvetch in the monoculture, there was better TWUE, especially under low and fluctuating water availability. 相似文献