紫外分光光度法测定对硝基苯酚的适宜条件的探讨

对对硝基苯酚的浓度,溶液的ｐＨ,温度以及波长对测定结果的影响进行了初步实验,找出用紫外分光光度法测定对硝基苯酚的适宜条件。     

A passive air sampler for characterizing the vertical concentration profile of gaseous phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in near soil surface air

Air-soil exchange is an important process governing the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A novel passive air sampler was designed and tested for measuring the vertical concentration profile of 4 low molecular weight PAHs in gaseous phase (PAH_LMW4) in near soil surface air. Air at various heights from 5 to 520 mm above the ground was sampled by polyurethane foam disks held in down-faced cartridges. The samplers were tested at three sites: A: an extremely contaminated site, B: a site near A, and C: a background site on a university campus. Vertical concentration gradients were revealed for PAH_LMW4 within a thin layer close to soil surface at the three sites. PAH concentrations either decreased (Site A) or increased (Sites B and C) with height, suggesting either deposition to or evaporation from soils. The sampler is a useful tool for investigating air-soil exchange of gaseous phase semi-volatile organic chemicals.     

自然灾害的物元分析灾情评估模型初探

本文提出了用物元分析进行灾情评估的新方法。该方法将灾情划分为三类,计算每项评估指标对各类灾情的关联函数,采用指数超标法计算各项指标的权值,然后应用加权公式计算全部指标对各类灾情的综合关联程度,并根据评价标准对灾情作出评估。该方法应用于45个灾情个例评估结果与用灾度判别法评估结果比较表明其用于灾情评估具有科学性和实用性。     

Rapid removal of bisphenol A on highly ordered mesoporous carbon

Bisphenol A (BPA) is of global concern due to its disruption of endocrine systems and ubiquity in the aquatic environment. It is important, therefore, that e orts are made to remove it from the aqueous phase. A novel adsorbent, mesoporous carbon CMK-3, prepared from hexagonal SBA-15 mesoporous silica was studied for BPA removal from aqueous phase, and compared with conventional powdered activated carbon (PAC). Characterization of CMK-3 by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray di raction, and nitrogen adsorption indicated that prepared CMK-3 had an ordered mesoporous structure with a high specific surface area of 920 m2/g and a pore-size of about 4.9 nm. The adsorption of BPA on CMK-3 followed a pseudo second-order kinetic model. The kinetic constant was 0.00049 g/(mg min), much higher than the adsorption of BPA on PAC. The adsorption isotherm fitted slightly better with the Freundlich model than the Langmuir model, and adsorption capacity decreased as temperature increased from 10 to 40°C. No significant influence of pH on adsorption was observed at pH 3 to 9; however, adsorption capacity decreased dramatically from pH 9 to 13.     

磁种混凝法去除校园污水中COD的试验研究

运用磁种混凝技术处理校园生活污水,通过分析原水水质,磁种（Fe3O4）、混凝剂PAC（聚合氯化铝）或PAS（聚合硫酸铝）、助凝剂PAM（聚丙烯酰胺）投加方式及投加量考察对COD去除效果的影响。实验表明：磁种的添加量和添加方式对水处理起到关键性作用。先添加磁粉0.3g/L,再添加PAC 0.3g/L,PAM 0.002g/L混合搅拌出水COD去除率为78.90%,处理后COD含量43.60mg/L,达到排放标准。     

微电解+物化+生化处理印染废水工程实例

印染废水具有污染物含量高、浓度波动幅度大、偏碱性、色度高、难生化等特点.文章结合工程实例,介绍了微电解 物化 生化工艺在处理印染废水工程中的实际应用,详细介绍了工艺原理、主要工艺参数及运行成本分析.工程运行表明,该工艺运行稳定、投资少、处理成本低,COD、BOD、SS和色度的去除率分别在94%、96%、89%、96%以上,出水水质各项指标均达到<纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准>(GB4287-92)中一级排放标准.     

癸二酸生产中单钠盐溶液的脱色及萃取—吸附法处理含酚废水

癸二酸生产中以活性炭对癸二酸单钠盐溶液脱色时,产品收率低、生产成本高。本文采用以凹凸棒石粘土为基体的新型吸附剂对癸二酸单钠盐溶液进行脱色。结果表明,在脱色剂用量为2％、脱色温度90℃、脱色时间30min条件下,脱色率为85.3％、产品产率为92.0％,且该吸附剂价廉易得,经蒸汽再生后可反复使用,可用于癸二酸单钠盐溶液的脱色。同时提出了用萃取—吸附法处理癸二酸生产中含酚废水的工艺流程,萃取相（含酚）无需反萃可直接回用于原生产中,该法具有明显的经济效益与环境效益。     

饲料级硫酸铜中二英类多氯联苯的污染特征及其来源研究

近年来,持久性有机污染物（POPs）对人体和环境带来的危害在世界范围内引起了广泛关注.饲料添加剂已成为畜禽动物养殖过程中必不可少的原料,为探明典型动物饲料添加剂饲料级硫酸铜（CuSO₄）中POPs的来源,本研究分析了饲料级CuSO₄、铜盐产品、蚀刻废液（包括酸性蚀刻废液、碱性蚀刻废液及微蚀废液）、蚀刻液（包括盐酸（HCl）和氧化剂）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）共计79个样品中二英类多氯联苯（DL-PCBs）的污染特征.结果发现,饲料级CuSO₄和铜盐产品中DL-PCBs均以PCB-77、PCB-169和PCB-126为主要检出单体,与其生产原料酸性蚀刻废液中具有完全一致的指纹分布特征,表明其来源的一致性;对于蚀刻液,DL-PCBs仅在工业HCl中有不同程度检出,然而指纹特征（单体组成以PCB-118、PCB-77和PCB-126为主）与其他样品中有所区别.通过主成分分析（PCA）进一步确认表明,工业HCl是蚀刻废液中DL-PCBs的一个重要来源,但亦可能存在其他未知来源.相关研究为去除和控制微量元素饲料添加剂尤其是铜盐产品中DL-PCBs提供了重要的科学依据.     

砷与农药草甘膦、敌敌畏对秀丽隐杆线虫的联合毒性

农田常遭受砷和农药污染,这2种污染会产生联合毒性,影响生物体健康。利用野生型秀丽隐杆线虫进行砷、草甘膦和敌敌畏的24h单一毒性和联合毒性实验。结果表明,砷、草甘膦和敌敌畏对秀丽隐杆线虫24h-LC50分别为130.5mg·L-1、18.5mg·L-1、3.3μL·L-1;通过等效毒性相加法实验,发现砷与草甘膦对秀丽隐杆线虫的联合毒性为协同作用,砷与敌敌畏对秀丽隐杆线虫的联合毒性为拮抗作用。     

四川攀西干热河谷区根瘤菌的多样性研究

采用数值分类、BOXAIR-PCR和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP方法,对分离自四川攀西干热河谷区11种豆科植物上的43株根瘤菌的表型和遗传多样性进行了研究.数值分类结果表明,攀西地区根瘤菌具有极大的表型性状多样性,在80%相似性水平上绝大多数供试菌株单独成群,能耐60℃(10min处理)的高温,在低温(10℃)或者低pH(4.0)条件下生长很差.与数值分类结果相比较,BOXAIR-PCR的分群结果更分散,说明供试菌株在遗传性状上也具有多样性.在数值分群基础上,选取15个代表菌株进行16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析.结果表明,供试的15株代表菌株遗传差异明显,仅CCBAU61224与Rhizobium leguminosarum USDA2370T,CCBAU61303与Agrobacterium tumerfacienseIAM13129T具有相同的遗传图谱类型.数值分类和16S rDNA PCR-RFLP分析具有较好的一致性,BOXAIR-PCR适合于对根瘤菌种内菌株间的遗传多样性研究.图4表2参21