城市绿地对小气候影响的研究进展

城市绿地对小气候的生态作用是研究城市绿地的重要问题.综述了国内外有关城市绿地对温度、湿度作用的研究报导,总结了城市绿地对温度、湿度影响的时空变化规律.目前城市绿地与温、湿度的关系多为定性研究,定量研究的技术与手段的局限使得定量研究还存在一定困难;城市绿地在美学、休憩等方面的潜在作用还无法定量研究;关于城市绿地群落结构与特性对小气候影响机制的研究还很少,这些都将是今后研究的重要方向.     

气提式内循环膜生物反应器试验研究

针对膜生物反应器存在的膜污染和能耗高的问题,结合气提式内循环和一体式膜生物反应器处理废水的工艺特点,提出圆柱形套筒气提式内循环膜生物反应器。试验结果表明,同等曝气强度和曝气方式下,气提式内循环膜生物反应器中氧传质系数（KLa）高于一般膜生物反应器;膜间水流流速是一般膜生物反应器的1.53～2.44倍,提高了膜面的水力冲刷作用,可减缓膜污染;对反应器膜过滤性能的考察,表明气提式内循环膜生物反应器较一般膜生物反应器有更好的膜过滤性能和抗污染能力。反应器中添加内循环,污泥活性有所下降,但对实际废水的去除效果影响不大,污泥活性较为稳定。     

电-Fenton法预处理干法腈纶生产废水

以Ti金属网为阴极,Ti基RuO2涂层形稳电极为阳极,采用外加H2O2和Fe2+的方式,研究了电-Fenton氧化预处理干法腈纶生产废水的工艺,考察了H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、pH值和电流强度等因素对污染物降解过程的影响,分析了废水可生化性和污染物变化规律。结果表明,电-Fenton法可以有效降解废水中有机污染物,使废水COD迅速降低,在初始pH值为3.0,Fe2+投加量为5.0 mmol/L,H2O2投加量为60.0 mmol/L,电流强度0.2 A的条件下,反应120 min后COD去除率可以达到44.0%以上;反应过程中H2O2的投加方式对电-Fenton法的处理效果具有明显影响,H2O2分6次投加可以使COD去除率由一次性投加时的44.8%提高至54.1%;处理后废水的BOD5/COD由0.29升高至0.68;GC-MS结果表明,经电-Fenton法预处理后,废水中多数芳香族化合物和特征污染物能被有效降解。     

A hybrid fuel cell for water purification and simultaneously electricity generation

● A novel hybrid fuel cell (F-HFC) was fabricated. ● Pollutant degradation and synchronous electricity generation occurred in F-HFC. ● BiOCl-NH₄PTA photocatalyst greatly improved electron transfer and charge separation. ● Pollutant could act as substrate directly in ambient conditions without pretreatment. ● The mechanism of the F-HFC was proposed and elucidated. The development of highly efficient energy conversion technologies to extract energy from wastewater is urgently needed, especially in facing of increasing energy and environment burdens. Here, we successfully fabricated a novel hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalyst. The polyoxometalate (NH₄PTA) act as the acceptor of photoelectrons and could retard the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, which lead to superior photocatalytic degradation. By utilizing BiOCl-NH₄PTA as photocatalysts and Pt/C air-cathode, we successfully constructed an electron and mass transfer enhanced photocatalytic hybrid fuel cell with flow-through field (F-HFC). In this novel fuel cell, dyes and biomass could be directly degraded and stable power output could be obtained. About 87 % of dyes could be degraded in 30 min irradiation and nearly 100 % removed within 90 min. The current density could reach up to ~267.1 μA/cm²; with maximum power density (P_max) of ~16.2 μW/cm² with Rhodamine B as organic pollutant in F-HFC. The power densities were 9.0 μW/cm², 12.2 μW/cm², and 13.9 μW/cm² when using methyl orange (MO), glucose and starch as substrates, respectively. This hybrid fuel cell with BiOCl-NH₄PTA composite fulfills the purpose of decontamination of aqueous organic pollutants and synchronous electricity generation. Moreover, the novel design cell with separated photodegradation unit and the electricity generation unit could bring potential practical application in water purification and energy recovery from wastewater.     

不同攀援角度裂叶牵牛叶片金属元素含量变化及其相关性分析

为研究攀援角度对藤本植物金属元素含量的影响,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定了不同攀援角度裂叶牵牛叶片中10种金属元素含量,并对金属元素含量的相关性进行了分析.结果表明:攀援角度处理对裂叶牵牛叶片的金属元素含量产生不同程度的影响.攀援角度对Ca、K、Mg、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cd含量影响显著.大量元素对攀援角度的敏感性小于微量元素.随攀援角度增加(从0°到90°攀援角),叶片Mg、Zn和Mn含量显著增加,而Cd含量显著下降;K、Ca、Na和Fe含量呈"U"型变化趋势;从30°到90°攀援角,Pb含量呈增加趋势;Cu含量的变化规律不明显.相关分析表明,攀援角度与Mg、Zn、Mn含量呈显著的正相关,与Cd含量呈显著负相关;攀援角度与Ca、Na、K、Fe、Cu和Pb含量之间的相关性未达到显著水平.10种金属元素中呈正相关的元素多于负相关元素.其中,Mg、Zn、Mn和Cd在金属元素之间的协同或拮抗中发挥主要作用.     

农业生产、小城镇和城市废水对西苕溪水质和底栖动物群落的影响

于2006年4月～2007年3月调查了西苕溪中上游3个参照、7个农业面源、3个小城镇和1个城市废水污染溪流的水质和底柄动物.结果表明,受污染溪流的NH3-N、TP、CODMn和电导率显著高于参照(P＜0.05).城市溪流的NH3-N[(2.464±2.69)mg/L]、TP[(0.5734±0.179)mg/L]和CODMn[(4.6804±0.959)mg/L]显著高于农业面源和小城镇废水的(P＜0.05),但pH(7.34±0.06)和DO[(4.74±0.88)mg/L]显著低于农业面源和小城镇的(P＜0.05).小城镇污染溪流的TP和电导率显著高于农业面源的,其余指标均无显著差异.与参照相比,3种污染类型溪流底栖动物群落总分类单元丰富度、EPT丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和B-IBI生物完整性指数均显著降低.城市对底柄动物群落的影响最严重,但小城镇与农业面源之间对底栖动物群落结构的影响无显著差异.研究结果表明,农业牛产废水和城镇废水污染是西苕溪中上游水生态系统健康退化的主要原因之一,但有关退化的机制还需深入研究.图2表4参19     

Determination of PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in insulating oil samples from stored Chinese electrical capacitors by HRGC/HRMS

Homologue and congener profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in commercial PCBs formulations are key information for the source identification of PCBs contamination as well as for the risk assessment caused by potential exposure. The isotope dilution technology in combination with high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) has made the accurate determination of such profiles possible. So far, various commercial PCB formulations except Chinese products have been successfully determined. Two PCBs containing insulating oil samples from stored Chinese electrical capacitors have been determined with the same methodology for comparability. The total concentration PCBs in two oil samples were 790 000 μg g⁻¹ and 720 000 μg g⁻¹, respectively. TriCBs, TetraCBs, and DiCBs were found to be most abundant. Concentration of dioxins contamination in two samples is 650-670 ngTEQ g⁻¹, of which 69-71 ngTEQ g⁻¹ from PCDD/Fs with the predominant congeners of 1,2,7,8-TeCDF; 2,3,7,8-TeCDF; 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF and 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF. The contributions of DL-PCBs in total TEQ in both samples were more than 85%. The dioxin-like toxicity in insulating oils contained in electrical capacitors could be considered receive attention as an important dioxins source if such wastes are not managed in an environmentally sound manner.     

嗜盐菌的筛选及原油降解性能简

油气开发过程含油废液中过高的盐含量是影响其生物处理效果不佳的一个重要因素。针对含油废液的特点,实验从油田废弃泥浆中筛选分离出一株高效嗜盐降解菌,该菌呈杆状,经BIOLOG鉴定系统与分子序列鉴定分析,该菌为芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis strain;研究了嗜盐菌的耐盐碱性及原油降解性能,结果表明,该菌适宜于碱性环境,适盐浓度范围为5 000~200 000 mg/L,7 d内对高盐含油模拟废水中原油的降解率高达60%,最佳降解条件为：菌液/培养液体积比1：12.5,pH=9,NaCl浓度范围为10 000~50 000 mg/L,最佳N源和P源分别为（NH₂）₂CO和K₂HPO₄·3H₂O。嗜盐菌的研究为高盐含油废液的生物处理拓展了一条新的技术途径。     

The effect of sand fractional wettability on SDBS-enhanced PCE immiscible mobilization in porous media

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Fractional wettability is common in the dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) contaminated sites. However, it is still unclear how fractional...     

Degradation of diethyl phthalate (DEP) by vacuum ultraviolet process: influencing factors,oxidation products,and toxicity assessment

The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) process, which can directly produce hydroxyl radical from water, is considered to be a promising oxidation process in degrading contaminants of emerging concern, because of no need for extra reagents. In this study, the influencing factors and mechanism for degradation of diethyl phthalate (DEP) by the VUV process were investigated. The effects of irradiation intensity, inorganic anions, natural organic matter (NOM), and H₂O₂ dosage on the performance of VUV process were evaluated. The results showed that DEP could be more efficiently degraded by the VUV process compared with ultraviolet (UV)-254-nm irradiation. The presence of HCO₃^?, NO₃^? and NOM in the aqueous solutions inhibited the degradation of DEP to a different degree, mainly by competing hydroxyl radicals (HO^?) with DEP. Degradation rate and removal efficiency of DEP by VUV process significantly enhanced with the addition of H₂O₂, while excess H₂O₂ dosage could inhibit the DEP degradation. Moreover, based on the identified seven oxidation byproducts and their time-dependent evolution profiles, a possible pathway for DEP degradation during the VUV process was proposed. Finally, the ecotoxicity of DEP and its oxidation byproducts reduced overall according to the calculated results from Ecological Structure Activity Relationships (ECOSAR) program. The electrical energy per order (EE/O) was also assessed to analysis the energy cost of the DEP degradation in the VUV process. Our work showed the VUV process could be an alternative and environmental friendly technology for removing contaminants in water.