A procedure to design a Permeable Adsorptive Barrier (PAB) for contaminated groundwater remediation

A procedure to optimize the design of a Permeable Adsorptive Barrier (PAB) for the remediation of a contaminated aquifer is presented in this paper. A computer code, including different routines that describe the groundwater contaminant transport and the pollutant capture by adsorption in unsteady conditions over the barrier solid surface, has been developed. The complete characterization of the chemical–physical interactions between adsorbing solids and the contaminated water, required by the computer code, has been obtained by experimental measurements. A case study in which the procedure developed has been applied to a tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated aquifer near a solid waste landfill, in the district of Napoli (Italy), is also presented and the main dimensions of the barrier (length and width) have been evaluated. Model results show that PAB is effective for the remediation of a PCE-contaminated aquifer, since the concentration of PCE flowing out of the barrier is everywhere always lower than the concentration limit provided for in the Italian regulations on groundwater quality.     

基于FDS的居民楼火灾烟气远距离传播过程研究

利用大涡模拟软件FDS对某居民楼火灾发生发展和烟气传播过程进行数值模拟,探讨烟气质量浓度在侧间-走廊建筑的分布情况。在不同房间的目标位置设置探测点,分析烟气质量浓度、CO体积分数分布。结果表明,距离火源位置最远的房间烟气质量浓度、CO体积分数最高且在短时间内达到致死浓度;烟气更容易在最远的房间聚集,在特定的时间段内,始终比其他房间的危险性要高。对于此类居民楼建筑火灾中的人员安全而言,最远端房间的危险性最高,火灾时要着重注意此区域的疏散。此外,在走廊顶棚上间隔适当的距离设置了挡烟垂壁,并且模拟了该工况下烟气质量浓度分布。结果表明,加入挡烟垂壁后走廊的烟气蔓延相对均匀,各个房间烟气质量浓度更为接近,最大烟气质量浓度也有明显降低,从而延缓了整个建筑达到危险状态的时间。     

基于数值模拟的城市中心区风环境研究

利用CFD软件对长沙市中心区典型区域的风环境进行了三维数值模拟研究。结果表明,城市建筑群布局不当会造成多方面不利影响:如建筑群内局部地区气流不畅,污染物难以扩散,影响市民身体健康;街道峡谷风使得行人行动不便,冬季热舒适感差;复杂的风环境可能造成建筑构件的损坏乃至脱落,对地面行人的安全造成威胁;建筑围护结构渗透风增加造成建筑能耗的增加。在城市规划和建设中,中心区风环境状况要引起足够的重视,在建设之前要进行风环境模拟与评估。     

热力耦合作用下深部煤层渗流规律试验研究

为了进一步揭示深部煤岩渗透率的变化规律,进行了高有效应力和高温条件下煤体渗透规律测定试验.结果表明:随着有效应力的增大,煤层渗透率呈现递减趋势;温度升高,煤体出现膨胀现象,渗透率减小.初步提出了热力耦合作用下含瓦斯煤渗透率影响机理,即温度升高,煤固体骨架膨胀,试件内部孔隙裂隙体积减小,瓦斯渗流通道减小,渗透率减小;有效应力增大,煤体孔隙裂隙被压缩,导致渗透率逐渐减小.     

改性生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除水体中头孢噻肟

抗生素对环境的危害已经引起了人们的广泛重视.本实验以改性生物炭(MB)为载体制备了负载纳米零价铁的功能生物炭(Fe/MB).以头孢噻肟(CFX)为目标抗生素,研究了该材料对头孢噻肟的降解特性及影响因素,并探讨了去除机理.实验结果表明,50 min内头孢噻肟的去除率为92%(Fe/MB用量为0.4 g·L~(-1),溶液p H=5.0,头孢噻肟浓度为20 mg·L~(-1),振荡速率为200 r·min~(-1),柠檬酸浓度为1.47 mmol·L~(-1)).头孢噻肟的去除过程存在改性生物炭的吸附和纳米零价铁还原降解的协同作用,数据符合伪二级反应动力学方程(R20.99).采用紫外可见光谱结合质谱分析了降解产物的结构并提出头孢噻肟的降解途径.     

城郊农业生态系统中茎菜类蔬菜对重金属镉的累积特征及品质表现

为探索城郊区农业土壤重金属镉(Cd)的生态阻控技术,结合田间试验、盆栽试验和室内分析测定等手段,以蔬菜茎叶部分Cd含量、富集系数、转移系数、单株生物量、茎叶维生素C含量、还原糖含量等因子为考察指标,分析13个红菜薹品种、5个莴笋品种和4个芹菜品种的Cd积累特征和品质表现.结果显示,两种Cd水平下(土壤总Cd分别为0.43 mg/kg和3.00 mg/kg),供试蔬菜茎叶部Cd含量不论是种间还是种内均差异显著(P<0.05).三大类供试蔬菜茎叶Cd含量与富集系数的大小均为芹菜>莴笋>菜薹,且在低Cd水平下,菜薹的生产性能及品质指标也为最优.在13个菜薹品种中,低、高Cd水平下茎叶平均Cd含量分别为0.021 0 mg/kg和0.302 1 mg/kg.13个菜薹品种的聚类分析结果显示,金秋红3号、钟声红和二早子属于弱吸收低积累Cd品种.且金秋红3号在低Cd条件下还有较高的品质表现,其可食部位维生素C含量和还原糖含量分别达到77.2 mg/100 g和19.44%.在本研究设置的高、低Cd条件下,供试蔬菜品种的Cd积累特性、品质特征以及生物量指标都具有较强的一致性,集合这些指标应用于筛选弱吸收低积累Cd的茎菜类蔬菜品种是可行的.因此,挖掘作物自身潜力,基于植物不同种及品种吸收积累重金属Cd的基因型差异,利用弱吸收低积累重金属的作物品种,在轻度或中度重金属污染农田中进行作物生产,可以降低Cd等重金属元素经农产品进入人类食物链的风险.     

基于放射性碳分析的多环芳烃源解析:技术进展和准确性评估

化石燃料燃烧和生物质燃烧是污染物多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon,PAHs)的两大来源.放射性碳(14C)分析近年用于评估这两类源对环境中PAHs的相对贡献.此方法基于化石燃料和生物质的14C含量差异,即化石燃料不含14C,而生物质的14C浓度有一个较稳定值.14C的自然丰度极低(约10-12),因此检测PAHs这样的痕量污染物的14C含量一度极具挑战.1990年代中期,加速器质谱的技术突破使得对环境样品PAHs的14C分析具有实用价值.要准确测出PAHs的14C含量,须先从化学成分复杂的环境样品中分离出高纯度的PAHs.制备气相色谱因其出色的分离能力而成为目前环境样品PAHs14C分析必备的工具.本文意在简介基于14C分析的PAHs源解析的基本原理、技术进展,以及评估该方法获得的PAHs源解析结果的准确性.     

Global burned-land estimation in Latin America using MODIS composite data.

This paper presents results of the AQL2004 project, which has been develope within the GOFC-GOLD Latin American network of remote sensing and forest fires (RedLatif). The project intended to obtain monthly burned-land maps of the entire region, from Mexico to Patagonia, using MODIS (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) reflectance data. The project has been organized in three different phases: acquisition and preprocessing of satellite data; discrimination of burned pixels; and validation of results. In the first phase, input data consisting of 32-day composites of MODIS 500-m reflectance data generated by the Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) of the University of Maryland (College Park, Maryland, U.S.A.) were collected and processed. The discrimination of burned areas was addressed in two steps: searching for "burned core" pixels using postfire spectral indices and multitemporal change detection and mapping of burned scars using contextual techniques. The validation phase was based on visual analysis of Landsat and CBERS (China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite) images. Validation of the burned-land category showed an agreement ranging from 30% to 60%, depending on the ecosystem and vegetation species present. The total burned area for the entire year was estimated to be 153 215 km2. The most affected countries in relation to their territory were Cuba, Colombia, Bolivia, and Venezuela. Burned areas were found in most land covers; herbaceous vegetation (savannas and grasslands) presented the highest proportions of burned area, while perennial forest had the lowest proportions. The importance of croplands in the total burned area should be taken with reserve, since this cover presented the highest commission errors. The importance of generating systematic products of burned land areas for different ecological processes is emphasized.