基于易回收的磁性碳纳米管催化湿式氧化处理垃圾渗滤液中的DOM

采用液相化学沉淀法制备了易于回收的磁性碳纳米管催化剂,应用于催化湿式氧化实验处理垃圾转运站渗滤液。结果表明,在反应温度为200 ℃,n(COD)∶n(H₂O₂)=1∶1.8,时间为60 min,催化剂添加量为0.1 g·L⁻¹的最佳条件下,垃圾渗滤液的COD去除率达到86.38%。出水可溶解性有机物(DOM)的紫外和三维荧光分析表明,实验对芳香族化合物和腐殖质的去除效果良好,可生化性提高。磁性碳纳米管在外加强磁场作用下30 s内便可实现快速分离,重复5次使用回收率可达90%。     

生态环境监测及其在我国的发展

生态环境监测是环境监测中一个全新的概念，是环境生态建设的技术保证和支持体系。本文对生态环境监测的基本概念和原则、任务及特点、生态环境指标的建立、生态监别技术和方法、生态变化趋势预测预报等进行了介绍，并结合我国在生态环境监测方面所开展的工作提出今后工作的一些设想和展望。     

土壤环境质量标准在工程应用中的局限性分析

为贯彻落实《中华人民共和国环境保护法》,加强建设用地土壤环境监管,管控污染地块对人体健康的风险,保障人居环境安全,生态环保部组织相关部门编制了土壤环境质量标准,并于2018年8月1日起开始实施。在标准实施的过程和应用过程中发现新发布的标准存在一些局限性。本文以土壤污染机理为基础,结合现行的治理技术,论述土壤质量标准在时间、空间及应用中的局限性。     

空气污染与健康效益评估工具BenMAP CE研发

为了评估空气污染带来的健康冲击、评估健康效益,克服现有评估工具(BenMAP V4.0)计算速度缓慢及用户体验较差等问题,受美国环保署委托,设计并研发了新一代空气污染与健康效益评估工具BenMAP CE,搭建了BenMAP CE的框架,进行了详细功能设计,并利用美国环保署提供的数据进行了实测.测试结果表明,基于相同的输入文件和设置,BenMAP CE能重现BenMAP V4.0的计算结果,相比现有的评估工具,BenMAP CE具有良好的用户体验、强大的GIS展示功能及大幅提高的计算速度.BenMAP CE是考虑了污染物环境浓度削减、人口密度、收入差异等经济因素的综合性评估工具,能为决策者评估空气污染控制措施所带来的健康效益提供辅助决策依据.     

准好氧填埋氧气扩散模拟分析

依据准好氧填埋工艺的原理建立了试验装置,在填埋进入相对稳定期后,测定填埋装置内各个采样点的填埋气体积分数φ(CH)4、φ(CO)2以及φ(O)2,分析了采样点到中心导气管的距离对φ(O)2的影响,并采用数学模型进行拟合。结果表明,准好氧填埋进入相对稳定期后,由于装置内外温度差异以及氧气浓度的差异使氧气通过导排管进入装置内部,并呈现出上层下层中层的规律。在垃圾填埋体的好氧分解反应、硝化作用以及甲烷氧化作用的共同作用下,下层与中层φ(O)2与距离的关系呈现指数规律下降,上层由于结构的特殊性呈现抛物线形状。     

Uptake and degradation of trimethylamine by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Euphorbia milii</Emphasis>

Trimethylamine (TMA) is a volatile organic compound which causes not only unpleasant odor but also health concerns to humans. The average emission of TMA from food and fishery industries is 20.60 parts per billion (ppb) and emission from the gas exhausters is even higher which reaches 370 parts per million (ppm). In order to select the best plant TMA removal agent, in this study, 13 plants were exposed to 100 ppm of TMA and the remaining TMA concentration in their system was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). Furthermore, plant metabolites from the selected plant were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that Euphorbia milii was the most superior plant for TMA removal and could absorb up to 90 % of TMA within 12 h. E. milii absorbed TMA via leaf and stem with 55 and 45 % uptake efficiency, respectively. Based on its stomatal movement during the exposure to TMA, it was implied that the plant switched the photosynthetic mode from crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)-cycling to CAM and CAM-idling. The switching of photosynthetic mode might reduce the stomata role in TMA absorption. Fatty acids, alkanes, and fatty alcohols in the plant leaf wax were also found to contribute to TMA adsorption. Leaf wax, stomata, and other leaf constituents contributed 58, 6, and 36 %, respectively, of the total TMA absorption by the leaf. The analysis and identification of plant metabolites confirmed that TMA was degraded and mineralized by E. milii.     

Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM2.5 and O3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition (SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O₃ and PM_2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM_2.5 and 8-hour O₃ for a proposed emission control policy.     

生态型组合人工湿地污水处理工艺

建立了由生物调节池、好氧降解与微生物培养池、潜流湿地和表流湿地组成的生态型污水处理组合工艺系统,用以处理生活污水和试验室废水。系统连续运行2年的处理效果持续稳定,出水水质达到国家(GB 18918-2002)1级排放标准。该工艺的建设成本和运行成本低,用地面积小于2 m2/t,建设成本为300~500元/t,运行耗电量小于0.1元/t,管理维护等费用约为0.1元/t,运行合计费用小于0.2元/t,该生态型组合人工湿地所具有的环境效益、经济效益及社会效益,对于处理水量不大、水质变化不太大,管理水平不太高的广大中小城镇、居民小区尤其适用。     

消费者对不同层次安全信息可追溯猪肉的支付意愿研究

为满足消费者猪肉安全需求,防范猪肉的安全风险,国家商务部等从2010年开始分批选择若干个城市实施肉类可追溯体系.可追溯猪肉能否有效推广内在地取决于消费者的支付意愿.本文基于随机n价实验拍卖方法,对江苏无锡市区272位消费者对具有不同层次安全信息的三种类型可追溯猪肉的支付意愿进行了研究,结果表明,参与者愿意为具有可追溯属性的猪后腿肉支付一定的溢价,且对具有养殖信息与政府认证信息的可追溯猪后腿肉具有更高的支付意愿;而进一步运用MVP模型的研究证实,消费者对三种不同层次安全信息属性的可追溯猪后腿肉的偏好具有差异性.因此,政府完善猪肉可追溯体系并与政府认证机制相结合是满足消费者对不同层次安全信息的可追溯猪肉的市场需求,促进可追溯食品推广普及的重要路径.