Effects of lipid concentration on anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass wastes

The influence of the lipid concentration on the anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass waste and waste-activated sludge was assessed by biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests and by bench-scale tests in a mesophilic semi-continuous stirred tank reactor. The effect of increasing the volatile solid (VS) concentration of lipid from 0% to 75% was investigated. BMP tests showed that lipids in municipal biomass waste could enhance the methane production. The results of bench-scale tests showed that a lipids concentration of 65% of total VS was the inhibition concentration. Methane yields increased with increasing lipid concentration when lipid concentrations were below 60%, but when lipid concentration was set as 65% or higher, methane yields decreased sharply. When lipid concentrations were below 60%, the pH values were in the optimum range for the growth of methanogenic bacteria and the ratios of volatile fatty acid (VFA)/alkalinity were in the range of 0.2–0.6. When lipid concentrations exceeded 65%, the pH values were below 5.2, the reactor was acidized and the values of VFA/alkalinity rose to 2.0. The amount of Brevibacterium decreased with increasing lipid content. Long chain fatty acids stacked on the methanogenic bacteria and blocked the mass transfer process, thereby inhibiting anaerobic digestion.     

Anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass wastes and waste activated sludge：Dynamic model and material balances

The organic matter degradation process during anaerobic co-digestion of municipal biomass waste （MBW） and waste-activated sludge （WAS） under different organic loading rates （OLRs） was investigated in bench-scale and pilot-scale semi-continuous stirred tank reactors. To better understand the degradation process of MBW and WAS co-digestion and provide theoretical guidance for engineering application, anaerobic digestion model No. 1 was revised for the co-digestion of MBW and WAS. The results showed that the degradation of organic matter could be characterized into three different fractions, including readily hydrolyzable organics, easily degradable particulate organics, and recalcitrant particle organics. Hydrolysis was the rate-limiting step under lower OLRs, and methanogenesisis was the rate-limiting step for an OLR of 8.0 kg volatile solid （VS）/（m^3·day）. The hydrolytic parameters of carbohydrate, protein, and lipids were 0.104, 0.083, and 0.084 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（kg COD·hr）, respectively, and the reaction rate parameters of lipid fermentation were 1 and 1.25 kg COD/（kg COD.hr） for OLRs of 4.0 and 6.0 kg VS/（m^3·day）. A revised model was used to simulate methane yield, and the results fit well with the experimental data. Material balance data were acquired based on the revised model, which showed that 58.50% of total COD was converted to methane.     

Synergetic PM2.5 and O3 control strategy for the Yangtze River Delta, China

PM_2.5 concentrations have dramatically reduced in key regions of China during the period 2013–2017, while O₃ has increased. Hence there is an urgent demand to develop a synergetic regional PM_2.5 and O₃ control strategy. This study develops an emission-to-concentration response surface model and proposes a synergetic pathway for PM_2.5 and O₃ control in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) based on the framework of the Air Benefit and Cost and Attainment Assessment System (ABaCAS). Results suggest that the regional emissions of NOx, SO₂, NH₃, VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and primary PM_2.5 should be reduced by 18%, 23%, 14%, 17% and 33% compared with 2017 to achieve 25% and 5% decreases of PM_2.5 and O₃ in 2025, and that the emission reduction ratios will need to be 50%, 26%, 28%, 28% and 55% to attain the National Ambient Air Quality Standard. To effectively reduce the O₃ pollution in the central and eastern YRD, VOCs controls need to be strengthened to reduce O₃ by 5%, and then NOx reduction should be accelerated for air quality attainment. Meanwhile, control of primary PM_2.5 emissions shall be prioritized to address the severe PM_2.5 pollution in the northern YRD. For most cities in the YRD, the VOCs emission reduction ratio should be higher than that for NOx in Spring and Autumn. NOx control should be increased in summer rather than winter when a strong VOC-limited regime occurs. Besides, regarding the emission control of industrial processes, on-road vehicle and residential sources shall be prioritized and the joint control area should be enlarged to include Shandong, Jiangxi and Hubei Province for effective O₃ control.     

海南岛香蕉园土壤肥力现状及变化趋势分析

对海南岛5大香蕉种植区(乐东、东方、昌江、临高、儋州)各大香蕉基地的共计57蕉园土壤样品及与之对应的20个对照样品进行了pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、交换性钙镁、有效硫、有效铜锌及有效硼含量分析.结论如下:1)海南岛各大香蕉基地由于管理水平不同,其土壤肥力水平差异相当明显,以乐东地区蕉园土壤肥力为最低.2)全区蕉园土壤较对照土壤pH值降低(下降0.27～0.91个单位);有机质质量比降低(下降0.009～0.063g/kg);碱解氮质量比降低(下降0.72～22.75 mg/kg);速效磷大量积累(上升17.4%～1552.4%);速效钾质量比增加缓慢(上升161.94～312.18 mg/kg);中量元素交换性钙、速效硫含量有一定幅度的增加(Ca上升0.39～3.94cmol/kg,S上升1.52～43.00mg/kg);交换性镁有下降趋势(下降0.01～0.15 mg/kg);微量元素中速效性铜有增加趋势(上升0.16～1.49mg/kg)而速效锌、速效硼有下降趋势(Zn下降0.10～2.04mg/kg,B下降0.01～0.04mg/kg).     

工业企业低碳生产意愿与行为研究

工业企业作为低碳生产的主体,其形成低碳生产意愿直至实施低碳生产行为过程中受到政府、ISO14000环境管理标准、市场需求以及企业管理者、企业规模、技术能力及能源消耗等主要因素影响。本文以江苏省苏南地区的353家工业企业为案例,分别运用带罚函数的二元Logistic模型和Interval Censored模型,将企业管理者、企业规模和注册类型、技术能力、能源消耗特征以及政府、ISO14000环境管理标准和市场需求等企业内外部的各主要因素共同纳入其中,分析这些主要因素是否影响了我国工业企业低碳生产意愿和生产行为以及最终影响程度。并进一步比较影响我国工业企业低碳生产意愿和生产行为的主要因素间的异同。研究发现,除了企业注册类型,其他各主要因素均显著影响我国工业企业的低碳生产意愿;而对企业低碳生产行为的主要影响因素的分析发现,仅企业管理者特征、企业规模和技术能力特征显著影响我国工业企业的低碳生产行为。据此结果,提出不断加大我国工业企业的自主技术创新能力,以及政府适度引导规模以上工业企业实施节能减排等相关政策建议。     

土壤重金属含量对3种常见菊科叶菜重金属累积的影响

为了解蔬菜产地土壤重金属含量对蔬菜重金属累积的影响,以我国南方常见的3种菊科叶菜(苦荬菜Sonchus oleraceus、生菜Lactuca sativa var.crispa、油麦菜Lactuca sativa)为研究对象,选择5种重金属为研究指标,对蔬菜及其产地土壤重金属含量的相关性等进行了分析。3种蔬菜的重金属富集系数表明,3种蔬菜吸收、累积不同重金属元素的能力存在明显差异(p0.05),5种重金属被蔬菜吸收的容易程度从大到小依次为镉、铬(汞)、铅(砷)。各蔬菜品种的重金属超标率和土壤重金属超标率存在不一致现象。其中,蔬菜中镉、铬、砷、汞的超标率均低于土壤的超标率,而蔬菜中铅的超标率则高于其对应土壤的超标率。对3种蔬菜产地土壤与蔬菜重金属质量比的相关性分析表明,其中除生菜中铅和砷与土壤中相应重金属元素相关性不显著外,其他情况下都呈显著相关性(p0.05)。建立了3种蔬菜及其土壤重金属含量的回归分析模型,并据此推算出种植3种蔬菜的土壤重金属安全阈值,其中,除生菜产地土壤中铅阈值在现行标准范围内之外,其他土壤重金属阈值均远高于现行标准。该阈值结合了大田土壤环境的实际情况,对当地农产品安全生产具有更强的针对性和可靠性。     

重金属污染高风险农用地水稻安全种植技术研究

在农田土壤污染较为严重的情况下生产安全高品质的稻米是目前农业生产面临的一大挑战。重金属低积累水稻品种,不但能有效降低水稻稻米中重金属的含量,而且有经济成本低、且环境友好等特点,但在重金属高风险污染区仅仅使用低积累品种无法达到安全生产的目的。以重金属污染高风险农田土壤为研究对象,开展重金属低积累水稻品种筛选和化学修复手段结合的农田安全利用技术研究。结果表明:通过对23个不同品种水稻在高风险重金属污染农田土壤中种植重金属含量比较分析,表明不同水稻品种对Cd吸收能力差异较大,五优321、广8优占、丰优428、粤晶丝苗2号、粤金银占、合美占等6个水稻品种对Cd吸收能力较弱,但在该地区土壤重金属含量水平下,Cd质量分数仍高于0.2 mg·kg^-1,Pb和As含量均不超标;在此结果基础上结合土壤污染特点,采取3种污染物控制技术降低稻米中Cd含量,五优321品种与石灰、石灰Se配施等配合施用均有较好的效果,可以作为此类污染区域重点推广品种;喷施Se叶面肥能显著增加稻米中Se含量,提升稻米品质,且Se与石灰配合施用,增Se效果要好于单独施Se肥。采用化学钝化剂联合低累积水稻品种,稻米中Cd含量降低40%-70%。该研究采用大田原位试验,其结果可以对当地污染农田土壤的安全利用更具指导意义。     

城市污水化学生物强化一级处理及后续脱氮中试研究

介绍了化学生物强化一级处理用于城市污水处理及其出水的氨氮处理的中试研究。通过试验表明在较低的PAC投加量的情况下，化学生物强化一级处理仍然可以使COD和TP的去除率保持在60％左右。后续脱氮中试研究也表明，新型悬浮填料接触氧化工艺可以在较短停留时间的情况下，取得较好的氨氮去除效果。     

野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量的影响

采用固定样方法和定位观察法连续测定了2003～2007年间卧龙自然保护区大熊猫野化培训圈内及其附近区域的拐棍竹无性系种群数量和生长发育特性等参数,运用收获法与非破坏性重量估测法建立了不同龄级和残桩的竹子种群和分株生物量估测模型,进而利用最佳模型计算并评估了野化培训大熊猫采食和人为砍伐对拐棍竹无性系种群生物量和植株个体生物量的影响.结果表明:在环境条件、种群密度、生长发育特征和种群生物量等基本相似的基础上,大熊猫采食和人为砍伐不仅降低实验期间的竹子生物生产力,而且影响到后期阶段实验种群的恢复与发展.大熊猫采食样方中的竹子种群生物量虽然较对照样方低,就竹笋生物量而言,约为对照的57.79%,这与野化培训圈的面积较小、竹种单一而使采食比重(67.07%)较大有关,但其各龄级植株个体生物量均能达到大熊猫的取食利用标准(仅2004年生竹除外),具有持续供给大熊猫食物资源的潜力;而人为砍伐措施与大熊猫采食相比,影响效果极为强烈,它严重降低了拐棍竹无性系的种群生物量,尤其是竹笋重量更是如此,仅为对照样方的14.69%,且植株个体鲜重远低于大熊猫的觅食条件.因此,竹笋和无性系植株的生物量是大熊猫采食标准的主要因素.