城市局部气候分区及其参数化条件下风环境模拟

在改善城市空气污染和城市热岛研究时,城市风环境研究受到人们关注。利用计算流体力学(CFD)的方法直接对城市尺度风环境进行模拟,将是一种高效的研究方法。本文对局部气候分区及其参数特征进行分析,针对中国城市化建筑高大化、密集化的特点以及多孔介质模型对城市下垫面参数化的要求,提出基于局部气候分区及其参数进行城市风环境数值模拟的方法,并以西安市西咸新区的沣西新城为例进行初步探讨。对沣西新城的模拟结果显示了本文方法的可行性,并对该区域通风廊道建设进行分析。     

Design and demonstration of a next-generation air quality attainment assessment system for PM2.5 and O3

Due to the increasingly stringent standards, it is important to assess whether the proposed emission reduction will result in ambient concentrations that meet the standards. The Software for Model Attainment Test—Community Edition(SMAT-CE) is developed for demonstrating attainment of air quality standards of O3 and PM2.5. SMAT-CE improves computational efficiency and provides a number of advanced visualization and analytical functionalities on an integrated GIS platform. SMAT-CE incorporates historical measurements of air quality parameters and simulated air pollutant concentrations under a number of emission inventory scenarios to project the level of compliance to air quality standards in a targeted future year. An application case study of the software based on the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards(NAAQS) shows that SMAT-CE is capable of demonstrating the air quality attainment of annual PM2.5and 8-hour O3 for a proposed emission control policy.     

人工湿地污水处理系统冬季植物的筛选与评价

选用25种冬季湿地植物进行了污水净化潜力筛选试验,并在综合应用原有湿地植物筛选与评价体系的基础上,增加植物逆境酶和基质酶指标,对试验植物进行了聚类分析.结果表明,测试植物的根系长度、活力、叶片丙二醛含量、生长量、氮磷浓度、氮磷的积累能力、根际基质脲酶活性与磷酸酶活性均存在显著差异.采用建立的净化潜力评价体系将测试植物聚类分为3大类,第1类净化力强,植物种类有水芹、油菜、灯芯草、虎耳草、德国鸢尾、桂花和花菖蒲,第2类净化力中等,植物种类有羽衣甘蓝、金盏菊、撒金珊瑚、女贞、红甜菜、杜鹃和大叶冬青,第3类净化力弱,植物种类有白菜、五月菊、月季、金鱼草、麦冬、葱兰、熊掌木、矮牵牛、小叶冬青、香石竹和红继木.     

厦门湾海洋塑料垃圾对中华白海豚的摄食风险评价

以厦门湾为研究区域,借鉴相对风险模型评价海洋塑料垃圾对中华白海豚可能产生的摄食风险.以4类不同尺寸的海洋塑料垃圾作为风险源、以中华白海豚作为风险受体,利用GIS中的空间分析工具,评价和量化厦门湾摄食性塑料垃圾对该区域中华白海豚的风险及其时空分布.识别高风险的塑料垃圾类型、高风险区域和高风险季节.结果表明：不同尺寸的海洋塑料垃圾对中华白海豚构成的潜在生态风险不同,其中小型和中型垃圾的风险较高.塑料垃圾对中华白海豚的生态风险呈现出明显的时间和空间差异,夏季和冬季是风险高值相对集中的季节,夏季的高风险主要是因为受到台风和旅游业等影响造成海洋垃圾源强较高,冬季的高风险则与中华白海豚在此季节最为活跃有关;高风险区域主要分布于塑料垃圾和中华白海豚密度分布重叠较高的位置,夏季的高风险区域分布于大嶝以及九龙江口的鸡屿附近海域,冬季的高风险区域分布于西海域以南水域和九龙江口的鸡屿附近水域.研究成果可为厦门湾中华白海豚的保护管理提供决策依据.     

化学需氧量(COD)在线自动监测仪开发应用及最新进展

为了实施我国对化学需氧量（COD）排污总量的控制，必须对COD排放总量进行在线自动连续监测。本文对COD在线自动监测仪的方法原理、类型、技术性能、关键技术及特点、开发应用及最新进展进行了评述。     

中国北方草原雪灾的致灾机制探讨

北方草原雪灾是天灾 ,更是一种人祸。受拉尼娜事件影响的异常气候固然是致灾的客观原因 ,但是不合理的人类经济活动 ,如超载放牧、耕地过垦、滥挖草药、滥用水资源等社会经济压力 ,超过了草原生态阈限 ,使脆弱的草原生态平衡遭到严重破坏 ;粗放经营 ,草原基础设施落后 ,也使草原生态系统抵御灾害的能力降低 ;草原公有、牲畜私有之间的所有制相位差是激发牧民掠夺式利用草原资源的最根本原因。为了追求私人经济利益的最大化 ,放牧者往往置公共草原的承载能力于不顾 ,严重恶化的草原生态环境也许正是“公共物品悲剧”的真实写照。     

Uncertainty in invasive alien species listing

Lists of invasive alien species (IAS) are essential for preventing, controlling, and reporting on the state of biological invasions. However, these lists suffer from a range of errors, with serious consequences for their use in science, policy, and management. Here we (1) collated and classified errors in IAS listing using a taxonomy of uncertainty; and (2) estimated the size of these errors using data from a completed listing exercise, with the purpose of better understanding, communicating, and dealing with them. Ten errors were identified. Most result from a lack of knowledge or measurement error (epistemic uncertainty), although two were a result of context dependence and vagueness (linguistic uncertainty). Estimates of the size of the effects of these errors were substantial in a number of cases and unknown in others. Most errors, and those with the largest estimated effect, result in underestimates of IAS numbers. However, there are a number of errors where the size and direction of the effect remains poorly understood. The effect of differences in opinion between specialists is potentially large, particularly for data-poor taxa and regions, and does not have a clearly directional or consistent effect on the size and composition of IAS lists. Five tactics emerged as important for reducing uncertainty in IAS lists, and while uncertainty will never be removed entirely, these approaches will significantly improve the transparency, repeatability, and comparability of IAS lists. Understanding the errors and uncertainties that occur during the process of listing invasive species, as well as the potential size and nature of their effects on IAS lists, is key to improving the value of these lists for governments, management agencies, and conservationists. Such understanding is increasingly important given positive trends in biological invasion and the associated risks to biodiversity and biosecurity.     

典型菜地土壤汞在小白菜和胡萝卜可食部位的富集规律

对广东省蔬菜种植面积较大的10个城市典型菜地土壤和蔬菜（小白菜和胡萝卜）对应采样,分析217个蔬菜可食部位中重金属汞（Hg）质量分数及对应土壤中Hg全量和有效态质量分数,研究大田条件下小白菜和胡萝卜可食部位富集Hg的规律。结果表明,广东省菜地土壤存在一定的Hg污染,约20％的土壤超过国家土壤环境质量标准（GBl5618－1995）中二级标准值,但小白菜和胡萝卜中Hg质量分数较低,均值分别为0．0012和0．0013mg·kg-1,仅2个小白菜样品Hg质量分数超过国家食品卫生标准《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）中的限值0．01mg·kg-1。TGA提取的土壤有效态Hg质量分数与土壤Hg全量显著正相关,TGA提取Hg量仅占土壤总Hg质量分数的3％-4％。小白菜和胡萝卜对Hg的富集系数分别为0．90％和0．94％,表明土壤中绝大部分的Hg不易转化迁移、为蔬菜吸收。小白菜和胡萝卜可食部位Hg质量分数与土壤中Hg全量和有效态质量分数均存在显著的线性关系,其中蔬菜与土壤Hg有效态质量分数的关系优于其与土壤Hg全量的关系。依据国家食品卫生标准,通过拟合回归方程计算出的保障小白菜和胡萝b质量安全的菜地土壤Hg有效态质量分数临界值分别为O．038和0．063mg·kg-1。计算出的土壤Hg全量临界值远大于我国现行土壤环境质量标准的二级标准值,表明该标准值对于保障广东省小白菜和胡萝b质量安全来说可能过于严格。     

从阳极泥中提取结晶形Al（OH）3的绿色化研究

采用碱中和阳极泥中的Al2O3和无定形Al(OH)₃,再通入CO₂,从铝型材生产线阳极沉积下来的废泥中成功制备出结晶形Al(OH)₃,研究了温度,pH及CO₂气流速率对形成结晶形Al(OH)3产量的影响。结果表明,在强烈搅拌下,当温度为70~80℃,pH为8~9,CO₂气流速率为50~60mL/min时,Al(OH)3产量最高。该研究实现了回收铝资源,净化环境,且副产品Na₂CO₃可回收利用的目的,从而达到综合利用资源,变废为宝的绿色目标。      

Alcaligenes sp. XJ-T-1利用废弃油脂生产破乳剂研究

生物破乳剂是一种应用于油水乳状液分离的新型破乳剂.本研究对筛选得到的1株高效破乳剂产生菌XJ-T-1（鉴定结果为Alcaligenes sp.）代谢产生的生物破乳剂进行了理化性质、破乳能力和废弃油脂利用能力分析.采用废弃油脂Ⅱ为碳源,可提高生物破乳剂产量4.6倍,XJ-T-1在以液体石蜡和废弃油脂培养8　d后该菌能使水的表面张力从72 mN/m下降到32 mN/m, CMC-1分别为10、 20;以液体石蜡为碳源培养得到的生物破乳剂在油包水型、水包油型模型乳状液的破乳率分别达到了96%、 50%;而以废弃油脂Ⅱ为碳源培养得到的生物破乳剂的破乳率分别为97.8%、 65％;采用煤油脱出率、乳状液脱除率和水脱出率3种评价方式对破乳效果评价发现生物破乳剂最先作用于乳状液的连续相;采用TLC和IR对废弃油脂生产破乳剂得到的破乳剂有效成分进行鉴定,结果为脂肽与石蜡培养产物相同.