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161.
Summary Female preferences for dominant males in prairie and montane voles were analyzed in two different test situations. In the first, prairie vole females preferentially spent time in proximity to dominant versus subordinate males which were housed behind a wire mesh screen. In a two-male tether test prairie voles females both preferentially associated and mated with dominant males. Montane voles, on the other hand, showed no preference in either test situation. The baseline copulatory behavior of naive montane vole males which became dominant differed significantly from those which became subordinate; no such differences were evident in the baseline copulatory behavior of naive praire voles. One hour following dominance testing, there was no difference evident between dominant and subordinate males of either species but there was a general facilitation of male copulatory behavior in both species, the effect being of greater magnitude in montane voles. 相似文献
162.
163.
Leon Liegel David Cassell Donald Stevens Paul Shaffer Robbins Church 《Environmental management》1991,15(2):269-279
The Direct/Delayed Response Project (DDRP) is one of several studies being conducted by the United States Environmental Protection
Agency to assess risk to surface waters from acidic deposition in the eastern United States. In one phase of DDRP, land use,
wetland, and forest cover data were collected for statistical samples of 145 Northeast lake and 35 Southern Blue Ridge Province
stream watersheds in the United States. Land-use and other data then were extrapolated from individual to target watershed
populations. Project statistical design allows summarization of results for various subsets of the target population. This
article discusses results and implications of the land-use and land-cover characterization for both regions.
Forest cover was the primary land use in both regions. In the Northeast, developed (agriculture and urban) land was positively
associated with surface-water chemistry values for acid neutralizing capacity, Ca plus Mg, pH, and sulfate in the Pocono/Catskill
subregion. Extensive wetlands and beaver activity occur in parts of the Northeast region, whereas topography limits wetland
and riparian development in the Southern Blue Ridge Province. Northeast soils have low sulfate adsorption capacity, most watersheds
are near sulfur steady state, and lake sulfate concentrations are controlled principally by levels of sulfur deposition. Net
annual sulfur retention in Northeast watersheds is positively correlated with occurrence of wetlands and beaver impoundments.
In contrast, most Southern Blue Ridge Province soils have high sulfate adsorption capacities, resulting in high net watershed
sulfur retention. At the present time, stream sulfate concentrations and percent sulfur retention are controlled principally
by soil chemical properties related to adsorption rather than atmospheric deposition and land use.
The information in this document has been funded wholly by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. It has been
subjected to the agency's peer and administrative review, and it has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Mention
of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. 相似文献
164.
Klein Richard J.T. Maciver Donald C. 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》1999,4(3-4):189-198
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) convened a Workshop on Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change in Costa Rica in 1998 that involved more than 200 expects and incorporated views from many research communities. This paper summarizes the recommendations from the Workshop and profiles the contributions to the advancement of methodologies for adaptation science. 相似文献
165.
Donald A. Nordlund Richard B. Chalfant W.J. Lewis 《Agriculture, ecosystems & environment》1984,11(4):353-367
This study involved an examination of a polyculture system (corn-bean-tomato) for specific interactions that may be useful in the development of agronomic systems that are less susceptible to pest attack. The data show that the arthropods generally prefer (are found in) one cultivar more than the others, even in polycultural situations. For example Trichogramma sp. are much more active on tomatoes than on corn, while Coccinellidae are much more common on corn than on tomatoes. The data do not, for the most part, demonstrate any significant differences in insect populations, yield or damage that resulted from interplanting the various cultivars. The role of diversity in agricultural systems is also discussed. 相似文献
166.
167.
Climate Change Projections for the United States Midwest 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wuebbles Donald J. Hayhoe Katharine 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2004,9(4):335-363
Environmental and societal factors such asair quality, water quality andavailability, land use changes andexpanding urbanization are alreadyaffecting human health and welfare,agriculture, and natural ecosystems in theMidwestern United States. Over thiscentury, these existing stresses willlikely be exacerbated by climate changesresulting from human activities. It isessential that policy decisions aimed atpreserving the well-being of a region beinformed by a good understanding of theregion's climate, how climate might change,and the uncertainties inherent in futureprojections. Recent updates in climatemodeling expertise and an expanded view ofpossible non-intervention emissionscenarios have narrowed the range of changethat can be expected over the Midwestthroughout the next century in some ways,while broadening it in others. In contrastto previous studies, which generallyconsider a mid-range scenario for futureemissions, this study presents the range ofchange that would result from low to highscenarios for climate change. In this waywe account for uncertainties inanthropogenic forcing on climate change inthe region and quantify the potentialeffects of human actions on future climate.This analysis also combines the latestclimate model projections with historicalrecords of observed climate over the pastcentury, effectively placing potentialchanges in extreme event frequencies suchas heavy rainfall events and temperaturethreshold exceedances within the context ofobserved variability over the past century.The purpose of this study is to provide anupdated picture of the potential impacts ofclimate change on the Midwest to inform theimpact assessment and policy developmentcommunity. From the magnitude of thechanges projected by this study, it isclear that these must be included in futurepolicy decisions in order to ensure thesuccessful adaptation and survival ofexisting human and natural systems in theMidwest. 相似文献
168.
Loren?Donald?HayesEmail author Nancy?Gail?Solomon 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2004,56(6):585-593
Communal rearing of offspring may help mothers maximize their investment in offspring at a reduced cost to their own bodily condition, thus maximizing their potential for reproductive success. The objective of this study was to quantify the costs and benefits of communal rearing to prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) pups and mothers. Mothers were assigned to one of three social units: solitary mothers, singularly breeding groups (i.e. one mother and one non-reproductive sister) and plurally breeding groups (i.e. two lactating sisters). For each type of social unit, some replicates were provided with food ad libitum, while others were provided with limited food. The body mass of focal mothers (i.e. the first mother to produce a litter) was a significant predictor of pup growth. Regardless of food availability, litters of focal mothers in plurally breeding groups gained more weight than litters reared by solitary mothers. Pups reared in singularly breeding groups were intermediate in weight gain, but did not gain significantly more weight than solitary offspring. There was no difference in the body mass of focal mothers from each type of social unit, regardless of food availability. Within plurally breeding groups, the weight gain of the two litters and body mass of focal and second mothers did not differ. However, focal mothers from plurally breeding groups nursed fewer pups than solitary mothers and also fewer pups than their nestmates when food was limited. Our results suggest that plural breeding results in greater fitness to mothers than solitary and singular breeding.Communicated by E. Korpimäki 相似文献
169.
Summary Ingestively naive hatchling coachwhip snakes(Masticophis flagellum) detected integumentary chemicals from several potential prey species and discriminated them from chemical stimuli from other animals and from distilled water, strongly suggesting a genetic basis for these abilities. The strongest responses were to lizard and snake stimuli, which form a major part of the diet. Variable responses to chemical cues from other taxa are discussed. Responses by coachwhip snakes to prey chemicals appear to be highly specific, as suggested by the stronger reaction to vomodors of sympatric than of allopatric lizard species. The highly developed use of chemical cues by the diurnal, visually oriented coachwhip snake emphasizes the general importance of chemical senses to predation by nonvenomous snakes, regardless of the involvement of vision. 相似文献
170.
Donald Ward Jr. Thomas Gentile Henry Felton 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2019,69(8):956-966
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reduced their National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead (Pb) an order of magnitude to a concentration level of 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m3) when the new rule was promulgated in 2008. At that time, the possibility of revising the Pb sampling method from total suspended particulate (TSP) to particulate matter less than or equal to 10 µm in diameter (PM10) was considered due to potential measurement bias of the Pb-TSP monitoring technique. The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) has been operating source-orientated colocated TSP and PM10 monitors documenting ambient air lead (Pb) concentrations since 2011 at a site adjacent to a secondary Pb smelter in Wallkill, New York. The colocated Wallkill data show a very strong correlation between the readings recorded by these two sampling techniques. After the range of the variability in the individual Pb-PM10/Pb-TSP ratios was reduced by using a 0.005 µg/m3 concentration cut point, because of the concerns about the measurements at low concentrations, an adjustment factor (AF) of 1.49 was calculated using the remaining data set. This AF can be used to estimate Pb-TSP concentrations from Pb-PM10 readings at this Wallkill source-orientated location. It was stated by the EPA that there is only a limited data set in situations where Pb-TSP and Pb-PM10 are colocated, especially for those sites considered to be source-oriented, so the analyses performed and summarized herein for the Wallkill colocated airborne Pb concentration data add to that limited data set.
Implications: These data analyses add to the limited data set in situations where Pb-TSP and Pb-PM10 are colocated to help refine the derivation of a site-specific adjustment factor for estimating TSP Pb concentrations from measured PM10 Pb concentrations. This could assist the EPA in transitioning away from the use of the Pb-TSP monitoring technique, with its indicated measurement bias, for the Pb NAAQS to the use of Pb-PM10 instead. An adjustment factor of 1.49 was calculated that could be used to estimate Pb-TSP concentrations from Pb-PM10 values collected around this source-orientated location. 相似文献