地铁轨道区火灾场景特性研究

在考虑人为恐怖袭击行为情况下，采用地铁轨道区模型实体火灾试验研究了地铁轨道区的火灾场景。得出了模拟地铁轨道区在火灾中的热释放速率，烟气浓度，温度，烟密度的变化规律。通电模拟短路以致引燃方式着火的最大热释放速率为9．66kW。浇洒煤油方式点火，轨道区最大热释放速率达到了204kW。随着电缆的点燃，燃烧进行的较为缓慢，烟气上升至隧道顶，沿着顶部向开口外扩散。C02的浓度变化较为缓慢。至10’41″达到c02释放峰值5027．7ppm；至10’41″时C0浓度达到最大354．0ppm。在轨道区问燃烧过程中，高温烟气始终沿着隧道顶部扩散，低于1．5m的空间是相对安全的；高于1．7m的空间是相对危险区域。火灾中烟气是首先弥漫整个房顶，然后再往下漫延的。     

The effect of conservation tillage in managing climate change in arid and semiarid areas—a case study in Northwest China

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Coastal cities are exposed to high risks due to climate change, as they are potentially affected by both rising sea levels and increasingly...     

三江源生态移民对草地资源依赖性分析

基于移民、牧民访谈和问卷调查,对青海三江源泽库县生态移民的生活情况进行调查,分析移民对草地资源依赖性变化,以了解生态移民政策的成效与不足,并探讨现有政策中存在的相关问题,对三江源生态补偿政策和制度的制定完善提供参考和研究基础。研究结果显示:生态移民家庭经济收入有所提高,畜牧业收入占家庭总收入比例下降,生态补偿、务工、经商对于家庭收入的作用已明显显现。移民家庭从事畜牧业降为20.1%,务工家庭增加到37%,30.5%的移民参加过技能培训,但能源使用经济负担有所增加。53.90%的牧民愿意移民,但对移民后就业及生活设施建设仍有较大顾虑。总体而言,生态移民生活整体情况有所改观,移民后草地资源不再是家庭主要收入的基础。政府应完善技能培训体系,加快后续产业培育,重视生态移民工程前期规划,加大生态补偿资金支持力度。     

Discordant results between fetal karyotyping and non-invasive prenatal testing by maternal plasma sequencing in a case of uniparental disomy 21 due to trisomic rescue

Uniparental disomy (UPD) is an uncommon chromosome condition, but UPD involving chromosome 21 is rarely reported. We reported here a case who had first trimester screening test for Down syndrome, chorionic villus sampling for fetal karyotyping, quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR), as well as non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) by maternal plasma sequencing. There were discordant results between fetal karyotyping and NIPT due to UPD 21combined with confined placental mosaicism of trisomy 21. This demonstrated that it is possible to detect placental mosaicism by NIPT, but further studies are required to confirm its sensitivity. Therefore, all positive NIPT results must be confirmed by conventional invasive test and karyotyping. QF-PCR has the additional benefit in diagnosing UPD. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new approach to characterize biodegradation of organics by molecular mass distribution in landfill leachate

This study provides biodegradability of organics in leachate according to their molecular mass distributions (<0.5, 0.5 to 1, 1 to 3, 10, and >10 KDa). Organics with molecular mass values lower than 0.5 KDa were the predominant species in the raw leachate filtrate, and the aerated lagoon process was very effective in treating these highly biodegradable organics; the Fenton's oxidation process was very effective in treating not-so-biodegradable organics with molecular mass values higher than 0.5 KDa, but a portion of these organics were converted into organics <0.5 KDa after Fenton's oxidation. An oxygen uptake measurement using a respirometer was more sensitive than a conventional biochemical oxygen demand measurement to evaluate bioactivities, especially when bioactivities were low.     

Remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils by fluidized thermal desorption

A novel type of fluidized bed desorber was developed for the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soils at low temperature with high efficiency. Cahn balance® was utilized to investigate the thermal desorption behavior of soils contaminated by various hydrocarbons. The performance of the fluidized-bed desorber was investigated at different operating modes. Batch operation of the fluidized-bed desorber exhibited 99.9% desorption efficiency at temperatures of ca. 300°C within a half hour. Continuous operation of the fluidized-bed indicated that Q/F (the ratio of the mass flow rate of fluidizing gas to feeding rate of contaminated soils) is less important at higher temperature (>300°C), if proper fluidization is ensured. The periodic operation of the fluidized bed desorber shows the possibility to reduce off-gas volume significantly.     

Adsorption behavior of ammonium by a bioadsorbent - Boston ivy leaf powder

The adsorption behaviors of ammonium ions from aqueous solution by a novel bioadsorbent,the Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) leaf powder (BPTL) were investigated.The SEM images and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize BPTL.The mathematical models were used to analyze the adsorption kinetics and isotherms.The optimum pH range for ammonium adsorption by BPTL was found to be 5-10.The adsorption reached equilibrium at 14 hr,and the kinetic data were well fitted by the Logistic model.The intraparticle diffusion was the main rate-controlling step of the adsorption process.The high temperature was favorableto the ammonium adsorption by BPTL,indicating that the adsorption was endothermic.The adsorption equilibrium fitted well to both the Langrnuir model and Freundlich model,and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir model were 3.37,5.28 and 6.59 mg N/g at 15,25 and 35℃,respectively,which were comparable to those by reported minerals.Both the separation factor (RL) from the Langmuir model and Freundlich exponent (n) suggested that the ammonium adsorption by BPTL was favorable.Therefore,the Boston ivy leaf powder could be considered a novel bioadsorbent for ammonium removal from aqueous solution.     

物探技术在固废填埋区域勘查中的应用研究

为快速、准确锁定违法固废填埋区域,本研究应用物探方法中的高密度电阻率法对常州市某疑似固废填埋区域进行勘探,现场共布设6条测线采集数据,运用RES2DINV进行数据反演、地形校正等,得出高密度电阻率反演结果和剖面反演解释图,最终绘制固废填埋区域推断图,并在实地进行挖掘验证,结果表明物探推断疑似固废填埋区域平面位置正确。实践证明,该方法在快速锁定固废违法填埋案件证据中具有推广价值。     

西南岩溶石山地区岩溶水资源合理开发利用模式

针对湘西洛塔岩溶区特殊的地质环境所造成的干旱缺水、水土流失、生态环境恶化等问题的特点，在调查、分析洛塔自然条件与水土资源、生态环境基本条件的基础上，实施了13处岩溶水资源开发利用示范工程。通过系统总结洛塔地区岩溶水资源合理开发利用技术与方法及岩溶水资源开发利用成功经验，提出了以岩溶水小流域为单元对岩溶水资源进行综合开发利用的5种模式：①地下河堵洞引水开发利用模式；②地下河出口及岩溶大泉引水开发利用模式；③凿引水隧洞拦截地下河开发利用模式；④地表地下联合水库开发利用模式；⑤表层岩溶泉开发利用模式。通过对失败工程的案例分析，认为在岩溶水资源开发利用过程中，应查清工程的岩溶发育规律及工程地质条件，分析经济技术支持的可行性，然后采取相适应的开采方式与方法。岩溶水资源进行综合开发利用的5种模式的提出，为在湘西实施“水源〖DK1〗·土地〖DK1〗·生态”持续发展战略，发展生态经济，实现脱贫致富，促进社会经济、生态环境良性循环，提供了切实可行的实用技术与方法借鉴。     

公众聚集场所人群疏散基础数据的分析

针对直接利用国外的人群疏散基础数据进行我国公共聚集场所人群疏散的模拟将会产生不准确的预测结果、导致这些场所人员安全得不到保证的问题,通过对大量国内外相关数据的搜集、整理和分析,确定了6种基础数据是建立疏散模型和开发疏散模拟软件的必备基础,包括:人员类型和人群的组成、人员水平投影面积和形状、人员密度、人员行走速度、边界效应宽度和预动作时间;总结出获取基础数据的4种主要方法,即直接观测和录像观测、人群疏散演习、个体试验和问卷调查;并确定了可在现有资料中直接获得并使用的数据以及仍需要进一步研究确定的数据。研究结论为公共聚集场所人群疏散问题的研究提供了参考和依据。