光电催化降解2,4-二氯苯酚的研究

采用Sol-Gel法制备了纳米TiO2／导电玻璃薄膜电极，应用XRD表征了TiO2薄膜的物相和粒度，以上述电极为工作电极和光催化剂，研究了2，4－二氯苯酚溶液的光催化和光电催化降解行为，结果表明，外加阳极偏压为0．7V，时间100min时，光电催化降解率为85％，高出光催化降解25％，2，4－DCP初始浓度（C0）与反应速率（r0)的关系符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood方程，当C0≤0．50mmol.L^-1时，光电催化降解速率可用一级动力学模式来描述。     

Synthesis,crystal structure,photodegradation kinetics and photocatalytic activity of novel photocatalyst ZnBiYO4

ZnBiYO₄ was synthesized by a solid-state reaction method for the first time. The structural and photocatalytic properties of ZnBiYO₄ were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance. ZnBiYO₄ crystallized with a tetragonal spinel structure with space group I41/A. The lattice parameters for ZnBiYO₄ were a = b = 11.176479 Å and c = 10.014323 Å. The band gap of ZnBiYO₄ was estimated to be 1.58 eV. The photocatalytic activity of ZnBiYO₄ was assessed by photodegradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The results showed that ZnBiYO₄ had higher catalytic activity compared with N-doped TiO₂ under the same experimental conditions using visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange with ZnBiYO₄ or N-doped TiO₂ as catalyst followed first-order reaction kinetics, and the first-order rate constant was 0.01575 and 0.00416 min^− 1 for ZnBiYO₄ and N-doped TiO₂, respectively. After visible light irradiation for 220 min with ZnBiYO₄ as catalyst, complete removal and mineralization of methyl orange were observed. The reduction of total organic carbon, formation of inorganic products, SO₄^2 − and NO₃⁻, and evolution of CO₂ revealed the continuous mineralization of methyl orange during the photocatalytic process. The intermediate products were identified using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The ZnBiYO₄/(visible light) photocatalysis system was found to be suitable for textile industry wastewater treatment and could be used to solve other environmental chemical pollution problems.     

高效集成生物反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

采用高效集成生物反应器(HCR)处理生活污水,考察了水力停留时间、污泥回流比和射流量对污染物去除效果的影响.结果表明,在水力停留时间为90 min,污泥回流比为120%和射流量为2.1 m3/h的最佳运行条件下,HCR对COD、BOD5、NH3-N和SS的去除率分别为82.3%、93.5%、86.3%和93.1%,出水COD、BOD5、NH3-N和SS均达到<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)中一级B标准.     

Current Nitrogen Management Status and Measures to Improve the Intensive Wheat–Maize System in China

During the first 35 years of the Green Revolution, Chinese grain production doubled, greatly reducing food shortage, but at a high environmental cost. In 2005, China alone accounted for around 38% of the global N fertilizer consumption, but the average on-farm N recovery efficiency for the intensive wheat-maize system was only 16-18%. Current on-farm N use efficiency (NUE) is much lower than in research trials or on-farm in other parts of the world, which is attributed to the overuse of chemical N fertilizer, ignorance of the contribution of N from the environment and the soil, poor synchrony between crop N demand and N supply, failure to bring crop yield potential into full play, and an inability to effectively inhibit N losses. Based on such analyses, some measures to drastically improve NUE in China are suggested, such as managing various N sources to limit the total applied N, spatially and temporally matching rhizospheric N supply with N demand in high-yielding crops, reducing N losses, and simultaneously achieving high-yield and high NUE. Maximizing crop yields using a minimum of N inputs requires an integrated, interdisciplinary cooperation and major scientific and practical breakthroughs involving plant nutrition, soil science, agronomy, and breeding.     

Variation of airborne bacteria and fungi at Emperor Qin's Terra-Cotta Museum,Xi'an,China, during the “Oct. 1” Gold Week Period of 2006

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - To stimulate the national economy, a so-called “gold week” comprising May Day and National Day has been put in force by the government,...     

沼液培养小球藻生产油脂的研究

为了节约微藻生物柴油的生产成本,用沼液作为小球藻生长的培养基,可以得到微藻油脂,还可以净化沼液,从而起到了防治环境污染的作用。研究小球藻在不同浓度沼液(25%、50%、75%和100%沼液浓度)中生长和油脂积累情况,结果表明小球藻在各低浓度沼液(25%、50%沼液浓度)中能很好地生长,延滞期较短,而在高浓度沼液(75%、100%沼液浓度)中,延滞期较长,并且50%浓度沼液培养的小球藻总油脂含量最高。因此选取50%浓度沼液作为小球藻的基本培养基,研究了在50%浓度沼液中,小球藻在不同接种量、光照强度、光暗周期、初始pH条件下的生长和油脂积累情况。得出最适小球藻生长和油脂积累的条件是接种OD值1.023左右、光强4 000 lx、光暗周期20∶4、初始pH值为7.0。     

用微电极测定曝气量对SBR系统中硝化作用的影响

为了研究曝气量对硝化作用的影响,实验采用3个相同的SBR装置,分别在曝气量为4、10和16 L/h的条件下处理人工污水,并采用自制的溶解氧、NO3-、NH4+和pH微电极测定了活性污泥絮体内部微元环境中相应基质的浓度。结果表明,曝气量为4 L/h时,活性污泥絮体内存在厌氧微区,NO3--N浓度减小了,发生了反硝化作用;而曝气量为10 L/h和16 L/h时,活性污泥絮体内发生的都是硝化反应,且NH4+-N浓度的减小量、NO3--N浓度的增大量都随着曝气量的增大而增大,pH随着曝气量的增大而减小。     

Characteristics and sources of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Shanghai, China

A field campaign was conducted to measure and analyze 13 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in six major zones in the city of Shanghai, P.R. China from August 2006 to April 2007. Ambient air samples were collected seasonally using passive air samplers, and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy was used in this field campaign. The results showed that there was a sequence of 13 PAHs at Phen > FA > Pyr > Chr > Fl > An > BaA > BbFA > BghiP > IcdP > BkFA > BaP > DahA and the sum of these PAHs is 36.01 ± 10.85 ng/m³ in gas phase. FL, Phen, FA, Pyr, and Chr were the dominant PAHs in gas phase in the city. They contributed 90% of total PAHs in the gas phase. Proportion of measured PAHs with three, four, five, and six rings to total PAHs was 53%, 42%, 3%, and 2%, respectively. The highest concentration of ΣPAHs (the sum of 13 PAHs) occurred in the wintertime and the lowest was in the summer. This investigation suggested that traffic, wood combustion, and metal scrap burn emissions were dominant sources of the concentrations of PAHs in six city zones compared with coal burning and industry emissions. Further, the traffic emission sources of PAHs in the city were attributed mostly to gasoline-powered vehicles compared with diesel-powered vehicles. It was revealed that the seasonal changes in PAHs in the city depended on different source types. Metal scrap burn was found to be the major source of PAHs during the autumn, while the PAH levels in the atmosphere for winter and spring seasons were mainly influenced by wood and biomass combustion. Comparisons of PAHs among different city zones and with several other cities worldwide were also made and discussed.     

3—（H—酸偶氮）—4—（羟基）—苯磺酸与铁显色反应研究应用

研究了新试剂３—（Ｈ—酸偶氮）—４—（羟基）—苯磺酸（ＨＡＨＢＳ）与铁的显色反应,在ＮＨ４Ａｃ（ｐＨ＝ ７．０）缓冲介质中,ＨＡＨＢＳ和Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）可生成３∶１ 稳定络合物,λｍａｘ ＝ ５５０ ｎｍ ,ε＝ ４．８９×１０４Ｌ·ｍ ｏｌ－ １·ｃｍ － １,铁含量在０～０．６ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律。方法用于环境水样中铁的测定,结果令人满意。     

环境与资源保护法视野下的农村饮水安全

农村饮水安全不仅仅是工程技术层面上的问题,更是一个法律问题。环境与资源保护法视野下的农村饮水安全具有重要的法律意义,农村饮水安全需要真正意义上的法定化,并设定农村安全饮水供给与需求保障机制、饮水安全市场交易机制、饮水安全管理机制多重法律保障机制。