The influence of particle size and concentration combined with pH on coagulation mechanisms

In order to evaluate the influence of particle size and particle concentration on the coagulation process, two kinds of particle suspensions, nanoparticles and microparticles,were employed to investigate the effect of particle size on coagulation mechanisms with varying coagulation parameters. Results showed that it is easier for nanoparticles to cause self-aggregation because of Brownian motion, while interception and sedimentation are the mainly physical processes affecting particle transport for microparticles, so they are more stable and disperse more easily. The particle size distribution and particle concentration had distinct influence on the coagulation mechanisms. Under neutral conditions, as the amount of coagulant increased, the coagulation mechanism for nanoparticles changed from charge neutralization to sweep flocculation and the nanoparticles became destabilized, re-stabilized and again destabilized. For microparticles, although the coagulation mechanism was the same as that of nanoparticles, the increased rate of aluminum hydroxide precipitation exceeded the adsorption of incipiently formed soluble alum species, resulting in the disappearance of the re-stabilization zone. Under acidic conditions, Brownian motion dominates for nanoparticles at low particle concentrations, while sweep flocculation is predominant at high particle concentrations. As for microparticles, charge neutralization and sweep flocculation are the mechanisms for low and high particle concentrations respectively.Under alkaline condition, although the mechanisms for both nano-and microparticles are the same, the morphology of flocs and the kinetics of floc formation are different. At low particle concentrations, nanoparticles have larger growth rate and final size of flocs, while at high particle concentrations, nanoparticles have higher fractal dimension and recovery factors.     

Changes in the quality of river water before, during and after a major flood event associated with a La Niña cycle and treatment for drinking purposes

The treatment of organics present in the lower reaches of a major river system（the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia） before（March–July 2010）, during（December 2010–May 2011） and after（April–December 2012） a major flood period was investigated. The flood period（over 6 months）occurred during an intense La Nia cycle, leading to rapid and high increases in river flows and organic loads in the river water. Dissolved organic carbon（DOC） increased（2–3 times） to high concentrations（up to 16 mg/L） and was found to correlate with river flow rates. The treatability of organics was studied using conventional jar tests with alum and an enhanced coagulation model（mEnCo）. Predicted mean alum dose rates（per mg DOC） were higher before（9.1 mg alum/mg DOC） and after（8.5 mg alum/mg DOC） than during the flood event（8.0 mg alum/mg DOC）,indicating differences in the character of the organics in raw waters. To assess the character of natural organic matter present in raw and treated waters, high performance size exclusion chromatography with UV and fluorescence detectors were used. During the flood period, high molecular weight UV absorbing compounds（〉2 kDa） were mostly detected in waters collected,but were not evident in waters collected before and afterwards. The relative abundances of humic-like and protein-like compounds during and following the flood period were also investigated and found to be of a higher molecular weight during the flood period. The treatability of the organics was found to vary over the three climate conditions investigated.     

Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes

Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights. Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500 Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%–90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than 4.0 mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution pH value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.     

学校的防雷避险工作

陕西省气象局曾组织面向西安市中小学生的防雷减灾避险知识调查活动,针对调查结果进行了具体分析.发现当前广大中、小学生是防雷减灾的弱势群体,主动防雷、科学避险、防灾减灾的意识薄弱,面对现状.提出了学校防雷减灾避险对策和建议.     

冶炼厂固体废弃物的资源化利用途径及存在问题的对策分析

分析了中国工业固体废弃物的现状及造成的危害.简单说明了工业固体废弃物资源化利用的重要性.以浙汀省某冶炼厂为例,通过对冶炼厂原料和冶炼后残渣的成分、毒性分析,探索冶炼厂固体废弃物无害化、减量化、资源化处理的途径,并指出存在的问题及解决对策.     

Oxidative damage induced in hearts, kidneys and spleens of mice by landfill leachate

The effects of the Xingou landfill leachate on levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the activities of Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD), Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase (Se-dependent GPx) and catalase (CAT) were investigated in hearts, kidneys and spleens of Kunming albino mice of both sexes. Exposure to leachate caused significant increases of TBARS levels in the organs tested from mice of both sexes. For hearts, Cu, Zn-SOD, Se-dependent GPx and CAT activities were significantly increased at high concentrations for male mice, but the activities of these antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased at low concentration and decreased at high concentrations for female mice. For kidneys, Cu, Zn-SOD and Se-dependent GPx activities were significantly increased at high concentrations for male mice, but the activities were significantly increased at low concentrations and the ratio of increase was reduced with the increasing of concentration for female mice; CAT activities remained unchanged for male mice and were significantly increased at all concentrations tested for female mice. For spleens, Cu, Zn-SOD and Se-dependent GPx activities were significantly increased at high concentrations for male mice, but the activities were significantly increased at low concentrations and decreased at high concentrations for female mice; CAT activities remained unchanged for male mice and were significantly increased at high concentrations for female mice. The results suggest that leachate exposure can cause oxidative damage on hearts, kidneys and spleens of mice, and there were sex difference and organ difference in the response of antioxidant status.     

聚吡咯改性废菌渣活性炭的制备及其吸附水中SO42-性能

采用ZnCl2活化废菌渣(MR)制备了废菌渣活性炭(MRAC),再采用聚吡咯(Ppy)改性MRAC制备复合材料Ppy-MRAC.以水中SO42-的吸附量为优化指标,分别用单因素实验和响应面法优化制备和改性条件,并对优化条件下制备的MRAC和Ppy-MRAC进行了SEM、EDS和FTIR分析表征.MRAC最佳制备条件为浸...     

纳米材料与环境污染物的复合毒性

纳米材料因其独特的物理化学性质,不仅其自身具有毒性,还会与共存污染物相互作用,影响彼此的迁移转化和毒性效应。文中总结了纳米复合污染毒性的研究方法,并介绍了几种纳米材料(碳纳米材料、金属氧化物、量子点和零价金属)与重金属或有机物复合时造成的生物毒性,包括不同层次毒性指标响应(生物整体、生物积累、大分子水平)和毒性机制的探讨,展望了纳米复合污染毒性领域今后的发展方向和亟待研究的重要问题。     

印染污泥基炭材料制备及其对疏浚余水中溶解性有机质的吸附特性研究

以印染污泥为原料,在650℃无氧条件下热解制备了印染污泥基炭材料(DSC),并采用SEM、XPS、FT-IR和BET等手段表征了DSC的理化性质;将DSC应用于疏浚余水的深度处理,研究了DSC对疏浚余水中溶解性有机物质(DOM)的吸附特性,并结合吸附动力学模型解析其吸附过程;利用紫外-可见光谱(UV-VIS)、荧光光谱...     

非稳态过滤除尘压力损失的研究

提出用于建立过滤层非稳态过滤压力损失模型的微观分析法和宏观分析法新概念，归纳出无论是纤维层过滤，还是颗粒层过滤，所反映的压力损失随过滤时间变化的规律是相同的，由此提出筇同观分析法和宏观分析法相结合的对纤维层过滤和颗粒层过滤均适用的非稳态过滤简化式，通过实验探讨了非稳态过滤压力损失比例常数的确定方法，并由此验证了该简化式的正确性。